Louis Armstrong free essay sample

Louis Armstrong Louis Armstrong was brought into the world August fourth 1901 In a piece of New Orleans named Storyline, another name for what a great many people would call a Red light region. Louis jumped at the chance to tell individuals he was brought into the world the fourth of July 1900 yet at the same time utilized his right birth date on authoritative archives. Mites Parents were both missing in his adolescence, his dad leaving their family when Louis was just two and his mom a whore was in and out of his life as a child.Louis was raised predominantly by his Grandmother or Uncle n New Orleans who might deal with Louis and his more youthful sister when their mom would leave for quite a long time or significant stretches of time. Experiencing childhood In a melodic and particularly alive piece of the country Its nothing unexpected that Louis was consistently an exceptionally melodic kid singing for cash as a youngster in the city of New Orleans. We will compose a custom exposition test on Louis Armstrong or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He invested a lot of his energy in the nightlife also attempting to support his family, yet being impacted no uncertainty by the city which its self is the place the combination of African-American and European harmonies and structure, started the Jazz/Swing upheaval. In 1913 after n honest discharging of a weapon during a New Years Eve festivity, which was by chance his moms sweethearts firearm and was loaded up with spaces. Louis was captured for upsetting the harmony and was then sent to New Orleans Colored Waifs Home for Boys(PBS This anyway was a significant defining moment In his life, in the wake of dropping out of school before he presently had the chance to learn and investigate music all the more profoundly. Teacher Peter Davis encouraged Louis and in this way his cornet playing motivation started, being to a great extent affected by cornet player Buddy Bolder, Kid ROR and Joe King Oliver (Athenians)[2].Louis started playing cornet for the school band because of these Influences. Subsequent to being discharged from the detainment school In 1915 Louis came back to his family In Storyline. He kept on playing cornet and even wedded his first spouse Daisy Parker. In 1922 Louis was welcomed by his guide Joe King to join their band in Chicago, this is additionally the year they recorded Dipterous Blues. Dipterous was a moniker that Louis was given during his time at the Home for delinquents.This bit of music shows a lot about Louses style, energy and enthusiasm for music. As though he were attempting to keep It suppressed but he couldnt. Another achievement In his initial grandstand of music Is Weatherboard with plants Earl Hines who much Like Louis was a soloist, which were getting increasingly overwhelming in the Jazz scene. Mites notoriety and music ubiquity started extending even through the downturn and a capture for ownership of weed (1931 ). Louis recorded his to be signature melody When its Sleepiest Down South in that equivalent year.Many state that Louis was one of the most significant artists of the twentieth century which history has demonstrated to be genuine climate or not It affected by his commitment to music today. His perspectives and convictions appeared to just make him all the more broadly acknowledged and regardless of his race and past he was welcomed on U. S. Supported visits to Africa and Europe. Considerably subsequent to experiencing a heart append in 1959 he kept on performing and move different artists. In 1964 Louis beat the pop outlines over The Beetles with his tune, Hello Dolly (Sandmen). 3] After Louis had increased a situation in which he was essentially affecting the manner in which Jazz was played he likewise took on a job of changing the manner in which society saw and thought of African-Americans. Be that as it may, Louis was never one for governmental issues. For instance in the New York Times article going before his demise it was composed, While he was in London, Mr.. Armstrong exhibited significantly that he had little use for the amenities of political convention. During an order execution for King George V, Mr..Armstrong overlooked the standard that entertainers shouldn't allude to individuals from the Royal Family while playing before them and reported near the precarious edge of a hot trumpet break, This ones for you, He turned into a significant figure in the social liberties development by having a maxim that he would not play at a scene at which e couldn't remain Louis would play at these huge extravagant lodgings which at the time should be for whites just, however basses he would decline to play in the event that he couldnt remain there the inns would be compelled to make an exception.His popularity and notoriety helped him separate the social marks of shame of bigotry. An increasingly extraordinary case of how Louis showed his emotions about isolation was after the Little Rock Crisis. He dropped a U. S. Government-supported visit to the Soviet Union saying, the way theyre rewarding my kin in the South, the legislature can take a hike (Twitchier). [6] This realized much more analysis to the U. S. Government which at the time was the in the ascent of the Civil Rights development. Louis likewise offered remarks about President Eisenhower, saying he had no guts and in any event, venturing to state, Its getting so awful, and, a shaded man hasnt got any nation (History. Com)[7]. By having a style of music that was so well known with all classes of society Louis had the option to bring numerous different gatherings of individuals together. Having everybody with a similar love for his music helped show the individuals everywhere throughout the nation that we are not all that unique in relation to each other and began to turn the ears towards equality.If somebody needed Louis to play at their scene they would make certain to treat him Just like any other individual they recruited, including a room in the event that it happened to be a lodging. In spite of the fact that there is a lot of proof for Armstrongs promotion in the Civil Rights development there is likewise strong measures of analysis that Louis didn't do what's necessary in his time. Louis appeared now and again in blackjack shows and creations which upset numerous pundits and other significant figures operating at a profit power development. Numerous at the time alluded to Louis as an Uncle Tom because of the way that he fundamentally replenished for to a great extent white crowds (Sandmen)[8].Many African Americans even started to blacklist his shows. Pack Longer clarifies in her article about Louis Armstrong and the term Uncle Tom, In the Deep South, during the principal half of the only remaining century, all spots of diversion were carefully isolated. Sunday evenings were for dark crowds and Monday evenings were for whites. Martin Napoleon, a white drummer with Armstrongs band, was stunned to find that the participation for the Black Nights was just a small amount of the size of the White Nights (Longer)[9]. Lie in 1942 and until his death.Louis ceased to exist coronary failure in 1971 at 71 years old having Just praised his birthday on the past Sunday. He had experienced numerous diseases all through his profession in the asss and asss however endured to continue visiting. He had Just gotten 10 weeks of treatment from Beth Israel Medical Center and was prompted not to fly home in the wake of being released yet paid no head to the specialists alerts and flew home at any rate. His passing was grieved by numerous conspicuous figures of society. In spite of the fact that Louis and the U. S. Government didn't generally concur with each other, however after his passing The State Department for benefit ofWashington stated, His memory will be revered in the documents of viable worldwide interchanges. The Department of State, for which he went on visits to pretty much every side of the globe, grieves the death of this incredible American (Krebs)[10]. Louis enormously impacted the melodic universe of Jazz as well as the world all in all. He was an astonishing artist just as a conspicuous open figure who went to bat for what he had faith in and passed on it to us through his melodic virtuoso. He carried on with his life through Jazz which is appeared by how much his impact changed the manner in which the music would be played right up 'til today. Louis Armstrong free article test My life has consistently been my music, its consistently started things out, however the music hostile to worth nothing on the off chance that you cannot lay n on the general population. The shopping center thing is to live for that crowd, cause what youre there for is to satisfy the individuals. At the point when the vast majority of us here consider Jazz music, there Is an individual that Is absolutely not normal for some other. There have been numerous whizzes In the previous decades. One that had been discovered most huge was Louis Armstrong. Louis Armstrong was the best and capable jazz artist in American history. He was an incredible performer in such a large number of ways.He licensed his own style of music that became known and cherished everywhere throughout the world. He was conceived on August 4, 1901 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Louis father, William, was a person who cherished opportunity, so his dad deserted the family when Louis was conceived. We will compose a custom article test on Louis Armstrong or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Throughout the following five years Louis lived with his grandma, Josephine Armstrong. Louis had a more youthful sister Borneo after William got back frantic left once more; at Just the age of six, Louis and three different young men structure a vocal group of four and they would perform on the city intersections for tips.Louis grin went from tone side of his face clear over to the next. Everybody said It was as wide as an open bag. So they called him Cottonmouth ( Weinstein 4 Louis started to raise his family hen he was a young man, he began to search for Jobs at seven years old any place he could discover them. For example, he sold papers and vegetables and made a little doesnt have any cash, he would consistently locate an indiscreet alcoholic individual staggering in the roads who might drop his cash. At the point when he doesnt have anything to eat, he would take some food from the neighborhood markets. At that point one day he didnt get a new line of work, yet he found a move club, he sneaked in the club and discovered that there was a Jazz band, and at that club he viewed the performers subtly, to perceive how they held beneficiary instruments, to concentrate how they stood, Just to look at them. At that point, a brilliant instr

Course work business law environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Course work business law condition - Essay Example The above authoritative documents of working together offer various advantages, rights just as commitments to the proprietors of such organizations and as, for example, one moves starting with one type of business then onto the next, the degree and nature of the rights and commitments additionally change. For instance, a sole owner is actually at risk for all the obligation of the business running by him and as such the individual property of the sole owner is along these lines likewise subject to liquidation if business falls flat and petitions for financial protection. Comparative, in organization, the accomplices are dependent upon individual obligation additionally anyway as one climb towards development of an organization either a private or an open, the nature and degree of risk begin to change. The investors of the private and open restricted organizations are just subject to the degree of their individual shareholding inside the business. It is likewise critical to take note of that out in the open constrained organizations, the capacity of the executives and proprietorship are two separate capacities for example proprietors and the supervisors of the business are independent from one another. This paper will set up a composed examination of a difficult which distinguishes applicable legitimate standards; recognize cures and commitments suitable to the conditions of a lawful circumstance introduced in the given inquiry. From the realities gave in the inquiry, obviously the clear type of the business is a sole ownership with Ivor being the lawful proprietor of the business and Andrew as the representative of the new business. Sole ownership is considered as the most established and basic type of business development where an individual can shape a business without really expounding on the legitimate results of the business arrangement. Regularly a Sole Proprietorship is possessed and overseen by single individual and dissimilar to restricted organization; there is no partition between the possession just as the administration of the business. This is additionally the most recognized character of the

Gulfport

Gulfport Gulfport, city (1990 pop. 40,775), seat of Harrison co., SE Miss., a port on Mississippi Sound, the Gulf of Mexico, in a resort area; inc. 1898. A port of entry, it receives large shipments of bananas. The city's diverse manufactures include ink and petroleum resins, steel, appliances, furniture, cleaning products, tungsten carbide, apparel, asphalt, metal products, transport tanks, boats, and barges. Gambling casinos and several military installations are in Gulfport. A number of antebellum homes remain, and the city has one of the longest artificial sand beaches (28 mi/45 km) in the world. De Soto National Forest is to the north; historic Ship Island, with its Civil War Fort Massachusetts, is 12 mi (19 km) out in the sound. Gulfport was settled (1891) as the site for a railroad terminus. In 1902 its harbor was opened, and the city developed as an important lumber-shipping center. With the depletion of timber resources, Gulfport extended its shipping facilities and turned to manuf acturing and a growing tourist trade. The city suffered severe damage, especially along the coast, from Hurricane Camille in 1969 and Katrina in 2005. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Analysis Of The Book The Coming Of The Moon And James...

object, every individual has felt love and attraction towards something because it gave them a sense of acceptance and purpose. As an individual achieves acceptance, they define a purpose. As a common theme of life; Nino Ricci’s story, â€Å"Going to the Moon† and James Joyce’s story, â€Å"Araby† similarly established the theme, â€Å"allure of the other† by demonstrating mutual aspects. For instance, the two stories both illustrated young-isolated male narrators who were plot driven by older-influencing female characters that accepted them. Together, they’re relationships helped to explore and define the concepts of allure, acceptance, reality and imagination, which aided to break the isolated nature of the protagonists. Ricci and Joyce demonstrated that their particular protagonist ultimately shared the same desire, dilemma, and discovery as the other character; the desire for â€Å"acceptance and purpose†, the dilemma to â€Å"ach ieve acceptance†, and the discovery that â€Å"acceptance is not always what it seems†. Initially, the narrators shared the same desire for affection because of a powerful attraction or â€Å"Allure† towards a prominent female character. In Ricci’s Story, the narrator displayed an allure for Miss Johnson (his teacher), while in Joyce’s story, the narrator developed an allure towards Mangan’s sister (a peer’s sibling). Hence, the theme, â€Å"the allure of the other†, allowed individuals of the opposite sex to serve as a catalyst for plot development and succession. Similarly, the twoShow MoreRelatedLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 PagesBildungsroman (German pronunciation: [ˈbÉ ªldÊŠÅ‹s.Ê oËÅ'maË n]; German: novel of formation, education, culture),[a] novel of formation, novel of education,[2] or coming-of-age story (though it may also be known as a subset of the coming-of-age story ) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age),[3] in which character change is extremely important.[4][5] Contents [hide] 1 Origin 2 Plot outline 3 Examples 3.1 Precursors 3.2 17thRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†Read MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagesamp; Class Consciousness: Preface by Georg Lukà ¡cs (1923) Thursday, February 3, 2011 History amp; Class Consciousness: Preface by Georg Lukà ¡cs (1923) Share   History and Class Consciousness Preface THE collection and publication of these essays in book form is not intended to give them a greater importance as a whole than would be due to each individually. For the most part they are attempts, arising out of actual work for the party, to clarify the theoretical problems of the revolutionary movementRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesacknowledged for their contributions: Peter Mangione, Charlotte Tilson, and Cathy Tsao. Lead Researchers Special thanks are extended to the lead researchers for their expertise and contributions as lead writers. Visual and Performing Arts James Catterall, University of California, Los Angeles Physical Development Abbey Alkon, University of California, San Francisco Victoria Leonard, University of California, San Francisco Health Abbey Alkon, University of California, San Francisco Read MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesthe case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie music industry C A S E F I VRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesPROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION - PROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION HAROLD KERZNER, Ph.D. Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored inRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesmechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designationsRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced

Film Analysis on Freedom Writers - 2290 Words

Film Analysis Essay on Freedom Writers Main Credits Title: Freedom Writers Director: Richard LaGravenese Scriptwriter: Richard LaGravenese Adapted from: The Freedom Writers Diary by Erin Gruwell Actors/Main characters: Hilary Swank-Erin Gruwell, Patrick Dempsey-Scott Casey, Scott Glenn-Steve Gruwell, Imelda Staunton-Margaret Campbell, April L. Hernandez-Eva Benitez, Jaclyn Ngan-Sindy, Jason Finn-Marcus, John Benjamin Hickey- Brian Gelsord, Plot Summary The movie â€Å"Freedom Writers† is based on a true story. Hilary Swank as Erin Gruwell plays an inspirational teacher at Wilson High School. Her class consists of different races and groups--African Americans, Latinos, Asians, gang members, and underprivileged students from poor neighborhoods.†¦show more content†¦At first it seems impossible and that’s where the resolution stage comes. Erin Gruwell was given permission to continue teaching them and the relationship between students, their racial differences and backgrounds came together and in conclusion we can see how everything progressed and was resolved. From conclusion we learn that we have to go after what we believe in. Commentary on the key characters and actors who portrayed them Most of the time movies about school have certain types of characters such as Master Teacher, Fuddy Duddy, Troopers and students so is this movie. All of those characters played a significant role in order to portray the story effectively. A lot depended on the actors as well and their ability to be adapted to the characters they were assigned to play. Hilary Swank plays Erin Gruwell, the Master teacher who demonstrates excellence and enthusiasm inside and outside of the classroom and aims for the better in order to educate the students. She tried to make everyone lives easier, but that is impossible. However, she achieved what she believed in because of her spirit and technique. She learned that sometime you have to make sacrifices and sometimes people will get hurt, but it is all for the best. Therefore, she is a round character; we see her transformation from a shy and unsure of her abilities to woman who fights for wh at she believes in. Concerning Hilary Swank as an actor portraying Erin, she adapted veryShow MoreRelatedFreedom Writers By Jung Ah Choi1010 Words   |  5 Pagesappropriate and efficient it has to relate in some way with the individual learner and how the individual demonstrates their learning process. â€Å"Reading Educational Philosophies in Freedom Writers† by Jung-Ah Choi, breaks down the different methods of teaching through the film Freedom Writers. Freedom Writers is a film based on a true story about a young teacher, Erin Gruwell, who faces racial barriers at an integrated high school in Long Beach California. The article displays the teaching methodsRead MoreProstitution: A Modern Form of Slavery694 Words   |  3 Pagesto the safety of a women’s refuge. Literature Review/Background The stories and movies used in this paper are chosen among contemporary works. The short story â€Å"Business Philosophy† by Marina Lewycka was published in 2009 in a book called â€Å"Freedom: Short Stories Celebrating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights† and concentrates on sex trafficking from the point of view of a brothel owner who is telling the story of one of the girls who tries to escape to a Women’s Refugee. There’s oneRead MoreRichard Attenborough s Film Gandhi1098 Words   |  5 PagesAttenborough’s film Gandhi (1982) unveils the saga of the greatest Indian freedom fighter and political activist Mahatma Gandhi. Attenborough presents a realistic and chronological record of the events in Gandhi’s life related with Indian Independence Movement. He made Ben Kingsley, the popular British actor enacting the role of Gandhi. The film opens by showing the end of Gandhi, after being shot by a Hindu fanatic and his burial with thousands of people mourning. The burial scene of Gandhi in the film clearlyRead MoreRita Hayworth And The Shawshank Redemption Analysis1362 Words   |  6 PagesClose Comparative Analysis Of Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption and Frank Darabont’s The Shawshank Redemption When comparing the ending of Stephen King’s novella, Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption with the ending of the 1994 film adaptation by Frank Darabont, The Shawshank Redemption, there are key differences. These include additions, removals and slight changes in the narrative which arguably make the storyline better suited to the completely different mediumRead MoreMaya Angelou : An Influential Voices Of Modern Society Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesthen became a part of other Off-Broadway productions and released her first album, Calypso Lady, in 1957. In 1958, Maya moved to New York and joined the Harlem Writers Guide where she then wrote and performed Cabaret for Freedom. In the 1960’s, Angelou pursued other interests spending most of her time overseas as an editor and freelance writer in Egypt and Ghana where she taught at the university. Following her return to the United States, Angelou was advised by her friend and fellow poet, James BaldwinRead More Themes in the Novel and Movie Adaptation of James Cain’s Mildred Pierce1573 Words   |  7 PagesThemes in the Novel and Movie Adaptation of James Cain’s Mildred Pierce In contemporary film making, â€Å"Hollywood-ization† generally refers to the re-creation of a classic work in a form more vulgar and sexually explicit than the original in an effort to boost movie attendance. After all, sex and violence sell. However, from the mid-1930’s to the 1950’s, â€Å"Hollywood-ization† referred to the opposite case where controversial books had to be purified to abide by the Production Code of 1934.[1]Read MoreThe Techniques Used in American Beauty Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe ï ¬ lm American Beauty, directed by Sam Mendes is a ï ¬ lm about imprisonment and escape from imprisonment (Mendes, 1999). American Beauty explores the breakdown of a suburban family man whose life journeys from self loathing and emptiness to freedom and liberation but at the ultimate cost of his life. Mendes effectively employs a range of techniques to help convey the meaning of this ï ¬ lm such as set design, camera angles, colour and soundt rack. Cinema often uses structured set design and cameraRead MoreMovie And Scene Of The Movie Spartacus 1659 Words   |  7 Pagesoccasions, Hollywood made movies based on true events in history. Such films dazzled audiences worldwide as they watched people who were once alive perform feats and make their mark in history, which inspired those around them. Unfortunately, most od these films were hardly true to what really happened, in which most scenes in the film were either heavily romanticised or simply totally made up altogether. The popular 1960 film Spartacus, directed by Stanley Kubrick and named after the famous slaveRead MoreRiddles of the Sphinx is critically acclaimed and extremely hard to understand feature which uses900 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolves around so many factors trying to make comparison between existing examples and feminism theory. In Riddles of the Sphinx Mulvey and Woolen create an altogether different project for the mother within the organizing system of the gaze. The film opens with a view of pages being turned from a book titled Myths of woman. This scene goes on for a while and ends on the image of sphinx modern showing a womans face at top of the sphinxs body which follows close-up shots of the male-coded EgyptianRead MoreThe Movie Les Miserables ( 2012, United Kingdom )1110 Words   |  5 Pagesfocuses on the movie Les Misà ©rables (2012, United Kingdom). The film is an epic romantic musical directed by Tom Hooper. As a film, Les Misà ©rables is based on a musical by Claude-Michel Schonberg and Alain Boublil that goes by the same name (Les Misà ©rables) and is also based upon Victor Hugo’s French novel - Les Misà ©rables, 1862 (Shoard n.p). This analysis looks at various elements of the movie ranging from the themes used in the film, its genre, artistic movement, the director’s style and the film’s

Smoking Cigarettes Is The Leading Cause Of Death - 852 Words

Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of death in the United States. Smoking causes cancer in so many people. Over 90% of all lung cancer in men and women are caused by smoking tobacco. Smoking causes more deaths each year than the following combined: Illegal drug use, alcohol use, HIV, motor vehicles, and many more. More than ten times as many US citizens have died from smoking than have died in wars fought by US in history. So, the real question is, â€Å"Why do people still smoke cigarettes, knowing that it can kill them?† Smoking cigarettes is the most devastating thing to damage people’s health. However, people still smoke cigarettes, knowing it can kill them for several reasons. First of all, people still smoke cigarettes today because they think it looks cool. Most people have grown up with everyone smoking everywhere they went. One victim of smoking cigarettes, Barry Blackwell said, â€Å"I remember going to the doctor for a regular checkup and he would exami ne me with a cigarette hanging out of his mouth. It was a way of life† (We Know It Can Kill Us: Why People Still Smoke). Kids and teenagers see people smoking on movies and television shows, so they think it would make them cool to do it. Many teenagers start smoking by attending social occurrences, such as parties. Although, many parents and family members smoke, so they think they should try it. Teenagers that have parents that smoke see the cigarette butts laying around and sneak off with them to try it. TheShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Smoking853 Words   |  4 Pagesof the inevitable thing called death was determined by that single cigarette she decided to slip in between her lips which became an unrelenting need. Cigarette smoking has become the number one cause of preventable diseases and deaths in the United States. While many are aware of that fact, more than 45 million Americans still participate in the activity of smoking. Approximately 480,000 deaths occur a nnually as an aftermath from smoking—meaning 1 in every 5 deaths (Centers for Disease Control andRead MoreCigarettes Should be Illegal Essay812 Words   |  4 Pagesmost problematic health issues in our society is smoking. Smoking is currently the leading cause of death in our country, due to its harmful and addicting contents, such as nicotine and tobacco. Although millions die from it each year, smoking is the single most preventable cause of death as well. Without smoking, a tremendous amount of money and lives will be saved. I think that our country should ban smoking and the production of cigarettes in order to maintain a healthier nation, help saveRead MoreThe Dangers Of Smoking Cigarettes786 Words   |  4 PagesDangers of Smoking Cigarettes are everywhere. They’re sold in almost every gas station, pharmaceutical store, and even ordinary grocery stores in the United States. Cigarettes have endorsements from celebrities, big tobacco companies, advertised on billboards, and through commercials. Smoking is a problem because it causes diseases which cost billions of dollars a year in healthcare. It is also the leading cause of diseases and deaths in the US. Smoking cigarettes is an unhealthy habit that unfortunelyRead MoreThe Poisoning Effects of Smoking1243 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking tobacco has been practiced for years. People worldwide view smoking as a lifestyle and smoked for pleasure and relaxation. During the 19th century it was considered fashionable to be seen taking a puff from a cigarette. At that time, the world was blind to the negative effects of smoking tobacco. However, during the 20th century, scientific research began and The American Cancer Society began to emphasize the health ri sks of smoking cigarettes. By 1964 a Surgeon’s General warning wasRead MoreThe Leading Causes Of Lung Cancer1350 Words   |  6 PagesCenter September 2, 2014 The Leading Causes of Lung Cancer State Standard: 6.4.A Cancer is a disease that plagues millions of people annually (â€Å"Lung†). Lung cancer develops when healthy cells in the lungs are compromised by chemicals, pathogens, or radiation (Henderson). In the early twentieth century, before cigarette smoking and toxic man-made air pollutants became more commonplace, lung cancer was relatively rare (Henderson). It is now the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, resulting in anRead More Cigarette Smoking Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pages Cigarette Smoking The effects of cigarette smoking can be horrifying. Smoking is dangerous not only to those who smoke, but to non-smokers and unborn children as well. Cigarette smoking is also physically and socially harming. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The large particles in cigarette smoke, commonly known as â€Å"tar†, collect in the branching points of the lungs. The tar contains carcinogenic compounds that increase the risk of lung cancer. The small particles in cigarette smoke, including carcinogensRead MoreCause And Leading Causes And Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes1059 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking Cigarettes Cigarettes are a lot like hamsters. Both are harmless until you put one in your month and light it on fire. Cigarette smoke contains more than 7,000 chemicals. 43 of those chemicals are known for causing cancer and 400 other toxins. In the United States, 20.8% of adults’ smoke cigarettes which is 45.3 million people. Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of preventable disease and death. It is accountable for 1 of every 5 deaths in a year which is more than 480,000 deaths everyRead MoreSmoking Cigarettes Should Be Legal1219 Words   |  5 Pagessmoke back then, right? So, you should smoke cigarettes too. If doctors do it, so could you. But is that the case in today’s society? This specific advertisement is addressing to the audience that smoking is okay because doctors are promoting that it is good for you, and it will even enhance your life; however, this is not true. Back then, people thought that smoking a cigarette was not harmful. But in actuality, over the ye ars, it has been found that smoking is harmful to one’s self, and potentiallyRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Harmful?943 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is growing popular for both the old and the young; it’s a habit which is very unhealthy that increases person chances of lung damage. The smoke from the cigarette enhances the possibility of damaging everybody lungs around you that is called second hand smoke, which kill more people a year than the actual cigarette smoking. While cigarette smoking is harmful to your health, the E-cigarettes have little to no harm on the changes of developing lung cancer or other health issues. Smoking cigarettesRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking On Public Places993 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironmental tobacco smoke has been an issue. Smoking tobacco products is the leading, preventable cause of death in the United States. More than ten times of the deaths from smoking cigarettes have added up to be more deaths than all the wars fought by the United states (Jones, Page 65, 2016). There are more deaths caused each year from tobacco use than all deaths of HIV, illegal drug and alcohol use, car accidents, and murders combined (Judd, page 110, 2009). Smoking harms nearly every organ and part of

Destructive Consequences of World War I

Question: Demonstrate how the text World War I is an example of Modernist ideology. What qualities does it have that categorize it as such? Answer: In the 19th century, a literary movement initiated when people were exhausted from the destructive consequences of World War I. The war dismantled the socio-economic culture and reaped apart the soul of the citizens. Robert Frost and other pioneers of modern literature mitigated the disturbed mind of the people with their literary composition that profoundly depicted the artistic side of the life. Modern poetry and literature were the demulcents that gave them respite from blemishes of anguish and distress that they got from the war (Donald Sheehy, Mark Richardson, and Robert Faggen). The modernistic poetries accentuated the theme of frustration anguish and loneliness that the war inflicted on the society. Many critics have recommended that Robert Frost is more of a pastoral poet as the subject of his poetry concentrated more on nature. According to Steven Gould, The fact that escaped the perspective of the critics is that how amazingly he acclimatizes the events with the state of na ture in his poetry. Robert Frost is incomparable as a poet, and not all his poetry is about nature. Like in the poem Mending Wall, the poet establishes two speakers- the narrator and his neighbor who are diverse from each other. This poem is about fencing oneself in and forming relationship through banishment. As said by Gioia, the poem commences with the speaker mourning that his "apple tree" cannot cross the border and devours the cones that are lying under his neighborhood's pine tree. In return, the speaker assures that "good fences" is necessary to make "good neighbor." Mending Wall is modern in the deeper sense as it defines the complexity of human relationship. Here the traditional belief and modernity come into conflict as it gauge on both the necessity of communication and about the essentiality of limitation in a relationship (George). The poem explores the sense of contradiction that the present day men are encountering. On one hand they rebel against the barriers like nation and religion that are separating them from their loved ones and on the contrary they are not rea dy to bring down the fences that are setting them apart with their neighbor. "All pine" may signify the traditional way of thinking and "apple" here may denote the modernity that lies in spreading out like orchard and embracing everyone. Frost does not take sides and elucidates the problem in an objective manner. Reflection of Frost's modernistic notion is in the fact where he projects that contradiction is a problem that is quite difficult to overcome. According to Vandana, The title of the poem illustrates that if one cannot mend the world, destroying it will be reasonable. Modernistic perspective is demolition of all ideas and establishing of new. After Apple picking is a poem that explores the visionary possibilities of the true glory of life. . Labor here is the symbolization of the spirit. After apple, picking is a radiant recapitulation of experience. The sweet fragrance of the apple reflects the richness and sensuality that swiftly makes it way to the recurrent idea of death. The word sleep' occurs six times in the poem and on one occasion twice in a sentence. Frost dexterously designs the ambiguity that darkens the environment of the poem. He traps the readers in a domain with the simplicity of his writing style and the readers hardly ever see any field of complaining (Leonard). The poet climbs the tree with his "ladder" which is pointed towards the "heaven". Here the poet symbolically relates the journey of human being towards death. The last five lines of the poem the poet anguishes about the abundant harvest he had desired. The poet is "overtired" of the "great harvest" as the there were "ten thousand fruit" that he w anted to enjoy. Through this, he wants to explain how uncertain human life is. He draws a mystical adventure out of the day-to-day events that take place in one's life. Modernism lies in procuring profound insight out of simple happenings of human life. His postmodernist ways of thinking make him more paradoxical by nature. The poem displays depression and the futility that engulfed the life of the people after World War I. He cuts out the picture of discrepancies in human being in the modern days. Frost poems exhibit the structure of the symbolist and metaphysical poetry (Owens). Deriving the symbols from simple day-to-day mundane subjects makes the poem visceral. Lucy Larcom the American poet was highly motivated by the Robert Frosts Birches. The poet writes this poem based on his own childhood memory about the Birch tree where he used to play. The speaker here sees the branch of the birch tree swinging from left to right in comparison to the trees that are standing straight. However, his fantasy was broken when he realized ice storm was rocking the tree. In the poem, the swinging of the birch trees represents the desire to escape the hard realities of adulthood. In morning of winter days, the ice storm freezes the branches and the sun reflects on them that make them shine brilliantly. Here the poet depicts the pain of growing up. As a boy, he used to climb the birch tree to touch the sky but now in his adulthood the speaker is climbing to reach the "heaven" so that he can get away from the muddle of adulthood. Here he also explains that life is like pathless wood that is why he wants to get away from it for a while. As said by David, The fre edom in imagination is an alluring thought that indicates the modernity in the process of reflection of the poet. Abundant thinking through a simple incident is what makes Robert Frost a modern poet. The poet used blank verse and has emphasized on sound sensing. The music that nature creates through cracking of the icy branches and clicking of the ice-covered branches are delightful. The poem comprises of youth, natural world and most importantly spirituality. In the poem, the realization of truth is the main part of the theme. Internal tension of what actually has happened and what the poet wants to happen brings the sublimity in this poem. The frustration of adulthood is unbearable for the poet and that is why he intends to climb the birch tree to escape to the heaven. The poem emphasizes pathos of adulthood and complexity of human life. This kind of modernistic approach of theme is only possible by Robert Frost. The philosophical and didactic tone establishes the modernistic view of the poem (George). The poet wants triumph of unreality over reality. He has portrayed the modern picture where imagination is better than the reality. The thought of young boy jumping on the birch tree causing it to sway is more appealing than the assault of the ice storm on the branches. In the poem Stopping by the woods, the speaker is engrossed with a scenario in around him. Robert Frost presents a view that captivates the narrator in such a way that he halts his carriage and keeps on gazing at the mystifying beauty of the woods. The approach of the poetry creates an illusion in the mind of the readers makes them think that the woods have mystic power that is holding back the narrator. Frosts symbols define and explain each other. For example, the woods the speaker enjoys looking on are opposing him to from keeping his promise. Frost is a poet neither of the mountains and nor of the woods although he writes both. The first stanza of the poem starts with an ambivalent tone that shows imaginative turmoil that composes its debate. According to Henry, the ambiguity of the narrators response to the woods caught in the contradiction between the relieved, conversational idiom of the first three lines and dj vu like elucidated details and verbal music of the last. The mode rnity of the poem lies in the structure of the poem. Death is the significant part of the theme. The lovely woods here symbolize the bed of death where the narrator can lie down in peace. The horse in anticipation shakes his bell to alert the speaker about his duty (Rotella). Symbolism in this poetry shows the modernistic principles. The precipitance and weariness that prevails in the daily life of the modern society instigated the narrator to stop by the dark and deep woods so that he can find moments of solitude. Robert Frost illustrates here the feeling of frustration and deep regret that is tormenting the souls of the people in modern society. However, he again warns that living beings are mere puppets that the destiny controls (Angela). The narrator jerks back to his conscience and realizes that he has mundane responsibilities to fulfill. He needs to wake up and keep on going as he has "promises to keep". The poet here has described the modern day dilemma that an individual con front. The last line repeats itself twice to create resonance. After all, this could be a metaphorical reference to the brief span of human life. The narrator compels himself to continue the journey, as he knows that life is short and as long as he lives, he has to execute the duties. Modernism was a movement of philosophy, cultural and changes that transformed the society from 19th century onwards. World War I and industrial growth drained out the very spirit of the community. The modernist poets like Robert Frost with their modernistic view reconstructed the artistic dogma of the community. Reference: Axelrod, Steven Gould.Robert Lowell: Life and Art. Princeton University Press, 2015. Diepeveen, Leonard.The difficulties of modernism. Routledge, 2013. Frost, Robert. "The Letters of Robert Frost, Volume 1: 1886-1920."Ed. Donald Sheehy, Mark Richardson, and Robert Faggen. Cambridge: Belknap P of Harvard UP(2014). Gilbert, Roger.Walks in the World: Representation and Experience in Modern American Poetry. Princeton University Press, 2014. Gioia, Dana. "robert frost and the Modern narrative."The Virginia Quarterly Review89.2 (2013): 185. Goyal, Vandana. "Disillusionment in the Poetry of Philip Larkin with Special Reference to his At Grass, Vers de Societe, Wants, Going, High Windows and Lines On a Young Lady's Photograph Album."Labyrinth: An International Refereed Journal of Postmodern Studies5.4 (2014). Hart, Henry. "IS ROBERT FROST An NEW ENGLAND POET?."The Yale Review100.4 (2012): 42-69. Leighton, Angela. "Something in the Works."Essays in Criticism63.1 (2013): 1-19. Monteiro, George.Robert Frost and the New England Renaissance. University Press of Kentucky, 2015. Monteiro, George.Robert Frost and the New England Renaissance. University Press of Kentucky, 2015. Owens, Clarke W. "Robert Frost's AFTER APPLE-PICKING."The Explicator71.1 (2013): 35-37. Raymond, David B. "The Philosophy of Work in Robert Frost's TWO TRAMPS IN MUD TIME."The Explicator74.2 (2016): 77-79. Rotella, Guy. "Robert Frost and the Vestiges of Elegy."Literary Imagination14.1 (2012): 88-102. Wyatt, David. "Robert Frost and the Work of Retelling."The Hopkins Review8.3 (2015): 387-404.

General Environment Analysis (Pixar)

Climatic hazards prediction and prevention essays

Climatic hazards prediction and prevention essays Hazard prediction and prevention is the key to lifting the threat off climatic hazards. Discuss this statement with reference to case studies. Climatic hazards are a result of cyclonic activity. A tropical cyclone is a system of intense low pressure known locally as hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones. They develop: Between latitudes 5 degrees and 20 degrees north or south of the equator. This knowledge helps the areas at risk prepare for the possibility of a tropical cyclone. A hurricane is a tropical cyclone, which generally forms in the Atlantic and is accompanied by thunderstorms and a counterclockwise circulation of winds. Hurricanes are strong winds that exert a pressure of at least 70kg/m . The wind speed causes both pressure and suction forces. Pressure increases with wind speed. This pressure is worsened by wind gustiness, which can cause fatigue in building materials that would withstand steady stress. Diagram of a hurricane/ tropical cyclone. Storm surges which can increase the mean water level 15ft or more. Inland flooding responsible for half the deaths associated with tropical cyclones. High winds Hurricane force winds can destroy poorly constructed buildings and mobile homes. Wind direction can affect damage rates. Wind blown debris adds to the destructive potential of the wind. Flying debris can cause deaths and damage. Strong winds also spread fires that start from induced damage and destruction. Longer periods of wind stress are more likely to cause failure of structures. Tornadoes columns of rapidly rotating air touching the ground, add to the hurricanes destructive power. Some examples regarding rainfall damage and fatalities follow. Hurricane Camille (1969), which made landfall in Mississippi, 30 inches of rain fell in 6 hours in the Blue Ridge Mountains, triggering flash floods and mudslides th...

Chinese Culture and Modern Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chinese Culture and Modern Therapy - Essay Example Representatives of different cultures have diverse values, demonstrate varying behaviors, adopt different perspectives, and in some cases even varied susceptibility to diseases. Cultural differences are more profound than individual variations due to patient illness, social class, economic status, or educational background. A popular view among health professionals is that showing respect is the key to resolving absolute majority of cultural problems. Unfortunately, this simple recipe is not always effective: the profound differences between Chinese and American cultures presented below demonstrate that respect is only one aspect of cultural competence. Chinese culture is characterized by specific attitude toward self. Thus, American Peter Hessler claims this to be the biggest difference between the West and what he observed while teaching literature in one of the Chinese provinces: "the sense of self seemed largely external; you were identified by the way that others viewed you" (Hessler 2001: 282). This difference is also reflected on the famous Geert Hofstede's model of cultural value orientation. The model consists of five dimensions, one of which is individualism. This dimension reveals the degree to which the society reinforces individual or collective achievement. In case the IDV index is high, individuality and individual rights are emphasized by the society: citizens in such societies rely primarily upon themselves, and form a little number of closer relationships. If the IDV is low, the society is characterized by high degree of collectivism and closer relationships between individuals: such societies reinforce extended families and collectives with responsibility being shared between all members. The difference between the United States and China is literally striking on this dimension: the U.S. ranks at 91 on Hofstede's scale (100 points is maximum) while China - at only 15, which is the lowest score (Hofstede, 2003). The high ranking for the United States indicates a society with a more individualistic attitude and relatively loose bonds with others. Self-reliance is the most distinctive feature of such society. The low ranking of Chine indicates and absolutely different system of attitudes toward self and implies much closer bonds with others. Consequently, American health practitioners adopt more patient-centered approach putting emphasis on autonomy of the patients and their "right to know" precisely because American culture paying relatively little attention to social groups (including families) they belong to. This attitude is not common in Chinese health care because it contradicts the cultural orientation toward collectivism. The custom in Chinese culture is to first inform a patient's family about a prognosis, especially when the prognosis is bad. After that the family makes a decision about the information the patient himself should receive. Members of Chinese and other similar cultural groups may feel that it would be wrong and insensitive to inform the patient about the risks associated with his illness: "this would only cause the patient great stress and even hasten death by destroying hope" (Galanti, 2000:335). Treatment decisions made by Chinese patients are strongly influenced by the family or social groups t hey are affiliated with. Therefore, involvement of family members in the process of treatment is likely to make the therapy

UK Corporate Governance Code Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

UK Corporate Governance Code - Essay Example As a result, the board of directors of a company, which is the ultimate decision making authority of a company, has been forced to become more accountable to the shareholders. However, the present Combined Code on Corporate Governance has been more of a reaction to worldwide business scandals rather than being a pro-active measure that ensures business legitimacy (Porter, 2009). Notwithstanding this fact, there has been a considerable amount of progress made in the direction of ensuring accountability and transparency, especially in Britain. It started with the formation of the Corporate Governance Code in the early 1990s. Hence, in the below sections we study the Code and the legislative framework in its present form and determine its effectiveness in the face of modern scandals and financial debacles. UK Corporate Governance Code Since the 1970s, there has been an increased amount of focus on corporate governance. This may largely be attributed to the development of big multi-natio nal companies; however, the process is still in motion. As a consequence, some of the board of directors of listed companies, who form the most powerful body in the company, of the US and UK are required to be non-executive. The CEO is no longer the sole head of the company and shares responsibilities with the non-executive directors. The idea of creating an independent atmosphere where all perspectives can be included has been extended through a number of measures as a "force for good" in the economy. The "comply or explain" principle which is one of the main features of the Code has its roots in the Cadbury Committee or the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance report of 1992. Originally setup to come up with recommendations for financial auditing and other financial matters due to the scandals involving the Polly Peck and Robert Maxwell companies, the Cadbury Committee headed by Sir Adrian Cadbury made four important recommendations. These were with respect t o the board of directors, non - executive directors, executive directors and reporting and control mechanisms. However, these were not mandatory and the companies were free to follow their own course since it was determined that a legalistic approach would result in compliance only to a minimum basic level that negated the main aims of the Code. It was also felt that a "one size fits all" formula must not be adopted and that companies must be allowed the option to choose their own course that satisfies their unique requirements. Subsequently there was the Greenbury Report of 1998 that dealt with the remuneration of directors issue (Barker, 2008). The Code underwent a significant review in 1998 when Sir Ronnie Hampel was charged with the duty of validating the effectiveness of the existent Code. It was recommended that there was no need for radical or revolutionary changes, instead the principles needed to be extended to detailed measures for the listed companies to implement. This w as called the Combined Code on Corporate Governance which contained two levels of prescriptive practices, one of which was a set of detailed provisions and the other was a set of open - ended principles. The companies were similarly required to present a two level declaration of the compliance of the above measures in their annual report. The Code underwent another review in 2003 following the Higgs and Smith report which added another layer of compliance norms to the existing Code. It was made up of high – level main principles, mid –

Housing Policy And Strategy Coursework Sociology Essay

Housing Policy And Strategy Coursework Sociology Essay The policy exchange think tank makes a compelling argument, for change is needed in such a time of economic uncertainty and Britains housing crisis could become stagnate and a generation could pass before resolve is found. The housing minister in England Grant Shapps said the proposal from the policy exchange was blindingly obvious but on the other hand Former Deputy Prime Minister Lord Prescott described it on Twitter as sanctioned gerrymandering (The Guardian Monday 20th August 2012 http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/aug/20/sell-social-housing-fund-homes) I believe a lot of things have to go to plan for this to follow through, planning procedures, cost of production and lack of delays, its al well and good making this suggestion but I believe its slightly flawed, I do agree with aspects but with the overall plan a lot more research would need done. Hosing associations have come down very hard on this recommendation to create the largest social house building programme since the 1970s the National Housing Federation described the idea as fundamentally flawed, some working people cannot afford their own home and with this recommendation warns these people will be out priced even in the private market. National Housing Federation chief Executive David Orr said, It could effectively cleanse many towns of hard working people who simply cant afford the high prices of buying or renting privately'(Rural Services Network 21st August 2012 http://www.rsnonline.org.uk/community/flawed-plan-to-sell-social-housing) All government has flaws, no matter who is in place, the conservatives who are in a coalition with the Liberal Democrats at this time do not benefit the poorer parts of society. From the 1980s when Margaret Thatcher was in power it seemed to be the case with social policy the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer, when Labour came back into power near the late 90s I believe they did their best to even out this unfair balance within social society, now that the conservatives are back in power they have not changed their ways, with this policy recommendation the poorest in society will unfortunately bear the effects of this. Labour claim that the tories are failing to build social housing for the poorest people, under coalition government new social build and has falling by 91%, from 35;600 to 3,305 so for this policy think tank to suggest that 170,000 homes could be built between 2011 to 2015 is a mad suggestion giving that this 91% fall could not just be a one off for one year. Labour believe lack of planning permission and funding may not cause an upsurge any time soon. Also giving that the coalition government cut the capital grant for social housing by 63% in 2010 so why the sudden change in creating the largest social building programme since the 70s? (http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/aug/28/tories-failing-social-homes-labour) To back up the claim of this report not helping the poor, the report suggests that it will raise tenants standards of living but it does not highlight which tenants and which background they may come from, again John Prescott mentioned on twitter that the report amounted to trying to kick the poor out of the rich areas'(http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/08/20/policy-exchange-report-social-cleansing-council-homes-new-builds_n_1809141.html). I know in Northern Ireland we have had a divide for many years but this report seems to be causing a divide of a different sort one that could eventually have major effects on society in the future. To back my evidence up more, Liberal conspiracy highlights how the recommendation would make the UK a miserable place to live, with conservative not noticing social housing the last couple of years why is there a sudden urge to become involved in it? It highlights 4 factors why this would make the UK a miserable place the first factor being that communities that are mixed are more at peace with themselves and could live in harmony in an easier way. The second factor being segregated communities make it harder for poorer people to commute to work and would cause a lot more congestion and emission of vehicle fumes. Third factor being that once the social housing is sold it is almost certain that all the money wont be re invested back into social housing and the final factor being that this could cause a political advantage when it comes to elections. All of this worries many parts of society who cannot afford such housing in the future. ( http://liberalconspiracy.org/2012/08/20/policy- exchanges-latest-idea-would-make-the-uk-a-more-miserable-place/) The policy exchange asks why this idea had never been thought of before why has no one ever suggested this? Well as Jules Birch of Inside Housing explains that it conflicts with policy in the regeneration sector in areas throughout England, it would affect social divisions within education with the sale of housed the good schools will become more socially divided and education opportunities will be missed by other children. Most importantly it completely conflicts with any government attempt to maintain mixed communities. (http://www.insidehousing.co.uk/inside-edge/6502506.bloglead?yearmonth=2012.08) From my own point of view politics destroy society even if a government aims to do good for society in England there is always going to be opposition to a good deed, I believe money is good but money can also mean greed. And selling the housing would generate a great amount but I would not be too sure if that money would be re-invested back into social housing. This can be really frustrating for people especially those with financial difficulties. Its obvious that the best quality homes are not going to be the cheapest and with the conservative ideology, people from poorer backgrounds cannot be confident with selling off such a large stock of social homes. For society to be equal compromise has to be made in terms of education, type of shops available, and essentially housing and for this document to possibly cause segregation in this area then government has to take a long look at themselves before passing this through Westminster. With a coalition not only one but two parties have to see eye to eye for clarity to be reached in this issue. Each constituency has different priorities, so MPs are voting in by how that area lives and what is needed in the area but since the coalition began some politicians have been caught in the middle of a storm, this is especially the case for some Liberal democrats such as Simon Hughes where his constituency is full of social housing and in the past he has had very strong views in this area. But his problem is not the conservatives but his own party colleagues who may back the proposals along with the conservatives, the problem for Simon Hughes is that there is support coming from Liberal democrats such as Andrew Stunnell so Simon may have a political mountain to face in the future. (http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/wintour-and-watt/2010/nov/22/simon-hughes-council-housing) Each chapter that is highlighted in the policy is more of a statement of intent rather than a certainty, chapter one does make a valid point with a need for more social housing but is there only one solution? Chapter two states that the public does not agree with expensive social housing and want more homes, this is more a twist on words than the public demanding social housing to end. Being able to define expensive social housing in chapter 3 is a very vague term and for taking the expensive housing to be from the half way point of all properties I believe that this ideology to be wrong. The next chapter states that 20% of social housing is expensive is that really such a bad thing? Their proposal wouldnt really help expenditure costs or saving costs in the future. As for chapter six saying that there will be no negative effects. The way it says it could build 80,000 to 170,000 homes is a very vague statement it is a massive uncertainty. The final chapter says wider economic effects are positive I dont believe it is with the strategy that is set out and the fact that the policy think tank says that pushing reform though will help this process makes it even more laughable. This talk of the Big Society is a fairy tale story with the proposals to social housing and the impact of Welfare reform and the bedroom taxes which means people may have to downsize their property to they are not hit with an extra charge, there may be a problem in this area given the fact that there is a lack of single social housing occupancy so people will not be able to downsize and there is a problem with the imbalance between the North and south of England with the overcrowding taking place in the south and under occupancy in the North. A blog on the Red Pepper site highlights what they believe what is happening and what they see the future to be, a carefully planned PR operation by the Conservatives who dominate this Coalition to hide their real intentions of aggressively continuing and deepening the long-term assault on social housing and the welfare state that in many ways defined the Thatcherite project of neoliberalism. (http://www.redpepper.org.uk/how-the-conservatives-ru ined-social-housing/) It is as if the conservatives have always had this plan in the pipeline and it was just a matter of time before they unleashed their idea of a better future for society, but all of society does not agree. Overall it is clear to see my stance on this policy and my view of the possible future within society in England, common sense has to prevail at some stage, I do understand that there will be people who back this policy and have their arguments for this. Everyone is entitled to their opinion on this topic. At the same time I think it is a good thing that this was released because it has now become a hot topic and people are becoming more and more passionate about social housing, so even though I may not agree with the Think tank, they have at least put effort into the issue so it can become a serious issue and lots of debates will be held to resolve this issue. All this is possible but with another election not taking place until 2015, there may be scary times ahead for those who are the poorest in society.

Being Caucasian at the Brown versus Board Art Exhibit :: Race Racial Segregation

NARRATIVE: running out of white things to wear First and foremost- it was empty. In two years this was my first time to the Krannert Art Museum. I don’t know quite how this could be, because I’m an art student. But the building is on the complete opposite end of the city from both where I live and where my classes are, so I can’t fault others for not traversing here on occasion. I walk into the Brown vs. Board of Education exhibit, and I see no one. The only people there were my friend Diane and myself, both of us are Caucasian. There was silence. Except for my dubious observation that it was indeed the display we were looking for. If the large black on white lettering describing the exhibit wasn’t enough, the black and white photography would alone have been a dead give away. I couldn’t help but think: ‘how clichà ©.’ There were a series of maybe six photos of two women: one white, the other black. The series showed them in confrontation over a chair. Who had the seat, or â€Å"power† so to speak. It wasn’t a terribly innovative piece in my mind. How many times have we seen the struggle between the two races in varying artistic genres? It was very straightforward and too simplistic for my tastes. The message was very blatant and clear, though, that the struggle between whites and blacks is indeed far from over. Turning around, I saw white dinner plates on podiums in the center of this first room. Each plate has a different inscription printed on its face. The texts mostly commemorate different individuals for their contributions to the civil rights movement. I’d have to say that this was an interesting portion of the exhibit. But I only think so looking back. At the time they were just nice shiny plates with some notable individuals names written on them. Now it seems like they have more significance. Like since they seem carefully and finely crafted it gives them more symbolic merit. Plates are common in ancient art exhibits, but they are a rarity in contemporary displays. It seems like a tactic in creating something that will be around for centuries and not be forgotten. The entrance to the second room is a striking surge of color.

Very Good

Computer Architecture and Assembly Language – Midterm 2011 1. In instruction ADC the operands can be oTwo register only oTwo register and one memory location oCF and two other operands oZF and two other operands 2. After the execution of instruction â€Å"RET† oSP is incremented by 2 oSP is decremented by 2 oSP is incremented by 1 oSP is decremented by 1 3. The extended ASCII has o64 characters o128 characters o256 characters o502 characters 4. The second byte in the word designated for screen location holds oThe dimension of the screen oCharacter position on the screen Character color on the screen oACSII code of the character 5. REP will always oIncremented CX by 1 oIncremented CX by 2 oDecremented CX by 1 oDecremented CX by 2 6. The routine that executes in response to an INT instruction is called oISR oIRS oISP oIRT 7. The iAPX888 architecture consists of _______ register. o12 o14 o16 o18 8. In the instruction â€Å"CMP AX,BX† the contents of oAX are changed oBX are changed not conformed oCX are changed oFlag register are changed 9. All the addressing mechanisms iniAPX88 return a number called ______ address. oeffective ofaulty oindirect odirect 10.The execution of the instruction â€Å"mov word [ES: DI], 0x0720† owill clear next character on screen owill print â€Å"20† at top left of the screen owill print â€Å"20† at top right of the screen owill move DI at location 0720 on the screen 11. â€Å"mov byte [num1],5† is _______ instruction. olegal oillegal ostack based omemory indirect 12. MOV instruction transfers a byte or word from which of the following source location. oDS:DI oES:SI oES:DI oDS:SI 13. The execution of the instruction â€Å"mov word [ES: 0], 0x0741† will print â€Å"A† on the screen, color of the character will be oBlack oWhite oRed oBlue 14.If AX contains FFFFh, then after execution of instruction â€Å"SAL ax, 3†, the result will be o-3 o+3 o-8 o+8 15. If the decimal number â€Å"35† is shifted by two bit to left, the new value will be o35 o70 o140 o17 16. While using STOBS, if DF=1 then oThe value of SI will be incremented by one oThe value of SI will be incremented by two oThe value of SI will be decremented by one oThe value of SI will be decremented by two 17. After the execution of STOSW, the CX will be oDecremented by 1 oDecremented by 2 oIncremented by 1 oIncremented by 2 18. The memory address always move from oprocessor to memory memory to processor omemory to peripheral operipheral to processor 19. An offset alone is not complete without osegment ocode label oindex register odata label 20. Code Segment is associated to _______ register by default. oIP oSS oBP oCX 21. Write down the procedure to clear the selective bit. (Marks: 2) 22. Why REP prefix is generally not used with LODS instruction? (Marks: 2) 23. What is difference between REPE and REPNE? (Marks: 3) 24. Describe Push and Pop with the help of an example. (Marks: 3) 25 . Explain all characteristics of SCAS instruction. (Marks: 5) 26. Describe Local Variable? (Marks: 5)

concept of corporate social responsibility - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 30 Words: 9107 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? To what extent are car manufacturing firms operating in a more socially responsible manner when designing environmentally friendly cars? Abstract Social responsibility is one of the key differentiators between modern corporations, and is seen by many analysts as an antidote to the past few years trend towards the demonisation of corporate institutions. The recent economic crisis, in particular, has led many observers to argue that corporations that fail to address issues of social responsibility will struggle to survive. However, other observers question whether this phenomenon is anything more than a superficial consumer trend, and whether the world economy in general can seriously contemplate a corporate system in which the profit motive is subservient to the need for corporate social responsibility. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "concept of corporate social responsibility" essay for you Create order This dissertation examines social responsibility in terms of the car manufacturing industry, and looks in particular at the question of whether or not the move towards environmentally friendly cars is anything more than a passing phase in an industry that is extremely sensitive to public opinion. Ultimately, the aim of the dissertation is to determine whether or not corporate social responsibility within the car manufacturing industry is a genuine change, or whether it is simply a superficial response to a passing public trend. Introduction The concept of corporate social responsibility has been one of the dominant themes of the past decade, with consumer recognition of a corporations social responsibility being increasingly seen as a lucrative phenomenon. In the west, in particular, increasing levels of affluence have led to a trend that has seen more customers show willingness to pay more for products that are designed according to theories of social responsibility., and this shift has been nowhere more apparent than in the automobile manufacturing industry. This trend has inter-cut with a recognition (in some quarters) of the need to ensure a more environmentally-friendly approach to industrial production and consumption, and a number of corporations have secured dramatically enhanced public images through a focus on affordable but socially responsible products. However, critics argue that since the primary aim of these corporations is to increase their profits, the appearance of social responsibility has been more o f a cosmetic change than a substantial alteration of core business practices; many critics believe that corporations have, in most cases, merely become better at packaging their products as a more socially responsible, environmentally friendly alternative. Despite the recent financial crisis, the automobile manufacturing industry remains a bellwether for the global economy, and any genuine global industrial changes regarding social responsibility will likely be evident in the automobile industry at an early stage. This dissertation will examine the behaviour of car manufacturing firms and will ask whether they have genuinely become more socially responsible when designing environmentally friendly cars, or whether this is merely a superficial smokescreen designed to generate improved public exposure without leading to genuine changes in design and production philosophies. In particular, the difference between the industrys approach before and after the onset of the recent economic crisis will be examined, and these differences will be used to determine whether or not the move towards social responsibility represented a genuine change to production systems or was merely an attempt to capture the early twenty-first century zeitgeist. Furthermore, the dissertation will examine the extent to which social responsibility and environmental awareness have affected not only above-the-line (i.e. visible to the public) areas of the industry, but also below-the-line (i.e. internal corporate) systems; the d issertation will argue that firms can only be said to have adopted a greater level of social responsibility if their attempts to tackle this issue extend to below-the-line activities. The dissertation will use a series of core examples in order to determine both the hyperbole (i.e. the claims made to the public) and the core below-the-line changes that may, or in some cases may not, reflect the car manufacturing industrys more socially responsible, environmentally friendly approach to business and production. Literature Review Corporate Social Responsibility Social responsibility has been one of the key growth areas in recent years. Crane et al. (2007) define social responsibility, in the corporate context, as a companys ability to put aside the profit motive in order to perform tasks that have a beneficial effect not on the company itself in terms of capital but in terms of an entirely separate social group (Crane et al., 2007, p. 6). In this context, social responsibility can be seen as something that companies are expected to do unbidden, in much the same way as many people choose to donate their time and volunteer to help charities. In some ways, therefore, social responsibility can be seen as an attempt to anthropomorphise corporations by rendering them indebted to a cultural belief that they should act in a more ethical and moral manner. This is in some ways a cultural corrective to the idea of corporations as solely capitalistic, profit-orientated organisations. May et al. (2007) suggest that corporate social responsibility is a popular construct that seeks to imbue corporations with humanistic traits regardless of whether those traits are present or not (May et al., 2007, p. 118). In order for public recognition of these traits to be tangible, there must be a relative relationship between different corporations, so some must be seen to be exercising a great deal of social responsibility, while other must be seen to be doing very little. This is, in effect, the classic polar relationship between good and bad, and it allows consumers to associate themselves with positive, socially responsible companies purely by making certain purchasing decisions. Both sides therefore have a vested interest in social responsibility: consumers feel good if they reward socially responsible companies with their custom, and can use such purchases as a form of status symbol; corporations, meanwhile, can try to generate a larger, more loyal customer base. While some critics argue that social responsibility is a trend that will wax and wane according to various social and economic factors (May et al., 2007, p. 119), others believe that the emergence of social responsibility as a major business factor in the past decade is in fact a permanent change. Crane et al. note that growing awareness of environmental issues has led many people to recognise the importance of social responsibility (Crane et al., 2007, p. 10), and although the recent economic crisis may have led many to hold back on the spending that they would otherwise have directed towards socially responsible corporations, there still appears to be a broad consensus that social responsibility is one of the most important factors in modern business. Consequently, many companies have sought to strengthen their social policy credentials. Environmental Policy One of the key elements of social responsibility is the environment. For more than twenty years, there have been warnings about the effects of global warming. Many corporations choose to exhibit their social responsibility through one of a number of environmentally friendly policies: Reducing the environmental cost of production distribution. Reducing the environmental cost of consumption. Reducing the environmental cost of disposal. Using more environmentally-friendly materials. Reducing packaging and other superfluous elements of a product. Instigating specific environmentally-friendly technological elements. Funding research and education programs. Carbon and pollution off-setting. All of these options and more are regularly employed by companies that want to emphasise their environmental credentials. Large companies tend to focus on methods that require little more effort than throwing money at the problem, e.g. by funding research or off-setting their carbon emissions. However, some other companies are far more inventive, and genuinely try to reduce their environmental impact. Social Responsibility Aside from the environmental factors noted above, companies have found a number of ways of demonstrating their corporate social responsibility: Funding education programs. Providing services, e.g. transportation for school and disabled groups. Promoting volunteerism among their own workers. Donating money to charities. Working to eliminate abuse in the chain of production. The globalised corporate environment makes it more difficult than ever for companies to hide practices that might be unpopular in their domestic markets. For example, if a company seeks to use cheap labour in third world countries, it can make a short-term impact but will usually be exposed eventually. In other words, companies find it increasingly difficult to hide any non-socially responsible behaviour. The Car Manufacturing Industry The vast majority of manufacturers are global in terms of production facilities. The leading US and Japanese manufacturers, for example, tend to have dozens of factories, with at the top five companies all having at least one factory in each of North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia. As such, the industry can be said to be truly global in terms of both customer reach and production. Furthermore, companies often experience great success in non-domestic markets, e.g. Japans Toyota also sells many cars in the US, and Germanys BMW is extremely popular in the UK; the only major exceptions to this rule are two of the three big US companies, General Motors (GM) and Chrysler, both of which have been criticised for their focus on the US market. The Impact of the Economic Crisis on the Car Manufacturing Industry All the worlds car manufacturers have in recent years suffered from the global economic downturn. In the US, the big three manufacturers Ford, Chrysler and General Motors (GM) have all come close to bankruptcy, and GM has been forced to file for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Around the world, companies have suffered similar problems, although in most cases not to the extent of the major US companies. In Japan, both Honda and Toyota have suffered heavy losses and have been forced to reconsolidate their core business areas. As a result, the automobile industry has been undergoing a period of immense uncertainty, and this has led many consumers to believe that they can no longer rely on the continued presence of the big names. Apart from the well-publicised problems for the big three US companies GM, Ford and Chrysler, almost every other major car manufacturer around the world has suffered a slump in profits in the past two years, and many have incurred legacy debts during this period that will impact upon their performance for decades to come. Toyota reported a massive $1.7bn loss (Fackler, 2008) and, like most other manufacturers, was forced to re-focus activities on core revenue streams. As one of the key figures in the green car revolution, Toyota had been investing heavily in environmentally-friendly cars, and had been happy to make such investments since it believe there would be massive financial benefits in the long run. However, the financial crisis crippled Toyotas ability to consider the long term implications of its current activities, and forced the company to focus on its core business. As Satoshi Hino notes, Toyota has long been one of the more adventurous companies when it comes to placing substantial industrial bets on future changes in the automobile market, but these have always been backed by strong performances in the companys core activities (Hino, 2005, p. 41). The companys move into electric and hybrid cars seen by many as a key element in the push towards greener automobiles has largely been financed by success in core diesel machines, with the pay-off for this front-end investment expected to arrive between 2010 and 2015. However, with the core business model threatened by double-digit year-on-year sales drops, Toyota was forced in 2009 to consolidate its activities and re-focus on the most profitable elements of its production line. This decision by the company served as dramatic proof that while there was clearly a high degree of confidence in terms of the potential for socially responsible cars to provide a significant pay-off in the medium to long term, this confidence was not strong enough to allow the company to rely on such vehicles during a time of economic crisis. Clearly, therefore, market forces are not yet dictating the need for social responsibility in sufficient numbers, or with sufficient support via purchasing decisions . Research Methodology Research Approach The research will take two key approaches: a questionnaire will be used to conduct primary research into consumer awareness of the question of social responsibility in the car manufacturing industry, and two case studies will be used to determine how two of the worlds biggest manufacturers GM and Toyota deal with this issue. In order to assess the impact of the social responsibility policies of both GM and Toyota, the questionnaires will be designed to measure the impact of such policies (or the lack of them) and the degree to which they change public opinion and have the effect for which they were designed. These questionnaires will be vital in terms of bridging the gap between the theory and reality, and will expose the limitations inherent in this approach. In order to increase the likely response rate, and to comply with ethical considerations regarding privacy, the questionnaires were left anonymous and respondents were told that they could ignore any individual questions that they would prefer not to answer. The secondary research will focus on two case studies, one looking at the leading US car manufacturer (General Motors) and the other looking at the worlds leading car manufacturer, by sales (Toyota). These companies have been chosen for specific reasons. General Motors (GM) has had a difficult economic history over the past two decades, almost filing for bankruptcy in the 1990s before going on to enjoy considerable success with a series of non-environmentally friendly cars (SUVs) while professing to hold social responsibility as a key philosophical point, and then suffering a massive collapse that resulted in the company filing for the fourth largest bankruptcy in US history (see chapter 4). Toyota, meanwhile, has made a name for itself with a series of advanced hybrid cars, but has also suffered during the recent financial crisis (see chapter 5). In other words, GM is seen by many as one of the worlds least socially responsible manufacturers, and Toyota is seen by many as one of the worlds most socially responsible manufacturers. By comparing and contrasting their approaches and fortunes, it should be possible to develop a clear understanding of the extent to which major car manufacturers have been socially responsible in pursuing an environmentally friendly agenda. Research Questions The research is based on the following key questions: To what extent do car manufacturing companies act with a high degree of social responsibility when designing environmentally friendly cars? How important is consumer behaviour to car manufacturers interest in social responsibility? Do consumers drive companies behaviour, or vice versa? What different approaches to the subject of environmentally friendly, socially responsible cars have been taken by different companies? How has the recent economic crisis affected manufacturers interest in social responsibility? Is social responsibility progressing according to narrative trends? Is this a major change to business, or merely a passing trend? Research Limitations Any research project contains inherent limitations. If these limitations are ignored, they do not go away; rather, they linger and negatively impact the reliability of the overall project. Consequently, the best approach is to recognise these limitations from the start and to work to ensure that they are factored out of the equation as much as possible. As Saunders et al. note, its only by recognising the limitations of any research program that the problems that always affect any research project can be brought into the open, addressed and contextualised and, in some cases, turned into positives (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 51). The research limits of this project are as follows: Social responsibility is an inherently subjective matter. Something that is socially responsible in the view of one person may be socially irresponsible in the view of another. Many of the relevant subjects, such as global warming, are not universally recognised. Its therefore important to reflect the fact that there is ongoing debate. There is insufficient time and space to analyse the entire market. Therefore, key examples must be selected for the case studies. As noted in 3.1, the subjects for these case studies were chosen for very specific reasons. Questionnaires must be brief and simple to understand, yet they must also focus on the key points. Persuading respondents to fill in questionnaires can be difficult. All these limitations can be overcome, to various extents. The subjectivity inherent in the research subject is in fact relevant to the continuing social, cultural and political debates regarding the extent to which car companies should, and can, adopt socially responsible roles; some critics argue that this can only be achieved if consumers adopt socially responsible approaches to their purchasing patterns, which will inevitably force corporations to adapt to face this trend. Similarly, the continuing debate over global warming although settled in many peoples view continues to cause debate in many parts of the world. Finally, the limitations of time and space mean that the case study subjects must be analysed extremely closely, and the choices of company must be made carefully. Results Analysis Response 200 questionnaires were sent out. The expected response rate was 40-50%, as per the suggestion by Saunders et al. that any questionnaire-based research project that prompts between a third and a half of targets to respond can be said to have performed averagely (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 102). In the event, 81 questionnaires were returned, representing 40.5%, which is just within the expected range. This gives a statistically relevant sample group. Demographic Information Demographic details are important in research concerning attitudes to consumer activity and the environment, since both of these factors can impact upon an individuals view of these issues. Question 1 concerned the age of the respondents: How old are you? The majority of respondents were in their teens and twenties, with a total of three quarters being under 40. This makes the questionnaire more relevant in terms of analysing the attitudes of younger people. The second question concerned the occupation of the respondents. It was decided to provide broad categories rather than to request specific details. For one thing, this emphasised the confidentiality and privacy of the research, and for another it allowed for easy and effective categorisation of answers: What is your occupation? Around two thirds of the respondents were employed, self-employed or in part-time work, with the rest being students, retired or unemployed. Awareness of Social Responsibility among Car Manufacturers The next question asked respondents if they believed the car manufacturing industry, as a whole, to be socially responsible. A brief explanation was appended to this question, defining social responsibility as an awareness of their impact on society, including the environment, and their efforts to ensure that this impact has a positive rather than a negative effect: How responsible do you think car manufacturers are? An overwhelming majority (67.9%) considered car manufacturers to be either not very or not at all responsible. Breaking these results down according to age and occupation gave the following results: Appreciation of manufacturers social awareness, broken down by age range Clearly, levels of appreciation appear to be at least partly linked to age, with these levels peaking for individuals in their fifties. There are numerous possible reasons for this, including: Media exposure: different age groups are exposed to very different media forms and sources, each of which will likely carry very different stories concerning manufacturers levels of social awareness. Learned behaviour: older respondents will have spent longer living in a time when many of the relevant issues, particularly environmental impact, were not considered. Environmental awareness: some of the answers may be influenced by a lack of belief in the various arguments concerning the environment and, in particular, the car industrys contribution to global warming. Clearly, therefore, awareness of social responsibility is a dynamic factor that reflects a number of different viewpoints, and this factors is by no means viewed the same by different age groups. The clear correlation between age and awareness indicates that manufacturers must ensure that they operate multiple simultaneous social responsibility programs if they are to reach all these groups. However, the next question sought to determine whether or not it was strictly necessary for the manufacturers to try to appeal to everyone, and asked how important social responsibility is to purchasing decisions. First, in terms of the overall response, the result was as follows: How important is a manufacturers social responsibility for you when choosing what car to buy? Almost half (48.1%) claimed that social responsibility was either very or quite important, with just over half (51.9%) claiming that it was not very or not at all important. Given the relatively small sample group for this research project, the difference is small enough to be statistically irrelevant, and broadly indicates a 50-50 split in terms of opinion on this subject. However, looking at the results in terms of an age-related breakdown results in a very different set of results: Importance of social responsibility of manufacturers, by age The data shows a clear depreciation of the importance of social responsibility for older consumers, although there is evidence of an increase for consumers in their 50s and above. In order to determine a link between awareness of social responsibility in the industry and the importance of social responsibility in purchasing decisions, the results from figures 4 and 6 were then combined: Importance, and awareness, of social responsibility in the car manufacturing industry There is clearly an inverse relationship between awareness of social responsibility as a factor in the industry, and belief in the importance of social responsibility. For example, younger people are most likely to believe that social responsibility is an important factor when making purchasing decisions, but are the least appreciative of any efforts that have so far been made. To an extent, this can be seen to be a matter of perception, but theres also clearly a problem for the industry in terms of persuading parts of the consumer base that its intentions are genuine. In order to measure the degree to which various manufacturers have succeeded in their aim of seeming more socially responsible, respondents were next asked whether they thought the industry had become more socially responsible over the past decade: Do you think the car industry has become more socially responsible over the past decade, less socially responsible, or it has stayed mostly the same? The vast majority of respondents believe there has been no real change, strongly suggesting that either the message from the manufacturers has not got through to the public, or that there is a deep level of cynicism in terms of whether the public believe that the rhetoric has translated into genuine action. Finally, respondents were given a range of options and were asked to indicate which they believed were most important in terms of social responsibility. They were asked to tick two or three options, with the aim being to allow them to indicate the elements of corporate social responsibility that were deemed most important: Most important elements of social responsibility Clearly, the vast majority of consumers overwhelmingly equate social responsibility with environmental issues. The only other factor to come close to this in terms of relevance was making donations to charitable causes, which to an extent also involves the environment. Social responsibility is not purely about the environment, and encompasses a range of other activities that can improve society. However, for the consumers canvassed for this research project, environmental issues were by far the most important, and its therefore possible to argue that the environment has overtaken all other elements of social responsibility and has become the single most important issue. Although manufacturers could fight against this perception and attempt to focus attention on other factors, the best approach might be to accept that when it comes to social responsibility, most consumers overwhelmingly focus on the environment. Case Study 1: General Motors (US) Background General Motors (GM) is the largest US car manufacturer, and the second largest in the world (after Toyota) (Trott, 2009). The company relies heavily on four key brands: Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick and GMC. Each of these brands has a distinctive presence in the US market, but critics have argued that GM has lacked focus on the non-US markets, leaving it particularly vulnerable to domestic turmoil and economic volatility. In 1994, GM came close to bankruptcy following a $4.5bn loss, but cost-cutting measures and management changes ensured its survival. The company was one of the key instigators of the huge rise in sales for sports utility vehicles (SUVs) in the 1990s, a trend that was highly lucrative for GM but which resulted in criticism from environmental campaigners. Between 1998 and 2001, GM and Ford vied for the top spot in the US market, primarily through massively increasing sales in the SUV market. However, the downturn which followed the September 11th 2001 attacks saw GM suff er particularly hard, even compared to Ford, with the latter at least having a strong European heartland on which to rely during difficult trading conditions in the US. Nevertheless, GM bounced back and by 2005 was recording strong sales figures and was eyeing major expansion into overseas markets. However, the recent economic crisis virtually crippled GM, as well as its two key domestic rivals, Ford and Chrysler. GM lost $38.7bn in the 2007 fiscal year (Wearden, 2009), and an almost 50% drop in sales. The following year, GM predicted that it would run out of money in mid-2009 without a substantial re-financing program, and called for government help. In November 2008, the company joined with Ford and Chrysler in formally requesting help from the US government in order to stave off bankruptcy. Even in the context of the financial crisis, this move was massive, since it represented the genuine possibility of the USs three major car companies going bust almost simultaneously. Although the US government, under outgoing president George W. Bush, was initially reluctant to provide money at a time when many other businesses also had legitimate claims for government help, in December 2008 a bridging loan was finally offered. Despite numerous attempts to cut costs and reorganise the co mpany over the next six months, in June 2009 GM filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. After Lehman Brothers, Worldcom and Washington Mutual, this was the fourth largest bankruptcy filing in US history. Eventually, on July 10th 2009, the US government helped to finance a new company, NGMCO Inc., that took on the majority of the old GM assets. The old GM changed its name to Motors Liquidation Company, and the new Vehicle Acquisition Holdings company changed its name to General Motors Company, thereby bringing GM back to life. The new version of GM is mostly owned by the US government, while the old GM Motors Liquidation Company continues to go through the process of the bankruptcy filing. Social Responsibility Both the old and the new GM have been involved in programs to emphasise their social responsibility. Since 1996, GM has financed the Safe Kids USA Buckle Up program, designed to encourage children to use seatbelts. The company has also contributed to a consortium that has donated over $1.2bn to fund education for engineering graduates, a scheme that has recently been extended worldwide. GM has also donated more than $200m in the past decade to charitable causes, and has supported both Democratic and Republican presidential candidates often simultaneously. The companys more recent philanthropic activities include a new global aid program (GM, 2009) and a number of smaller, local community projects designed to improve provisions mostly for children in areas surrounding the companys main factories. These projects have, for the most part, been maintained despite the continued financial uncertainty and the chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings that took place in mid-2009. GM has also launched a major program called I Am GM, designed to showcase the companys strong workplace diversity policies. The program involves placing adverts in newspapers and magazines, and on television, in which GM employees from different ethnic backgrounds talk about their pride in the company. As well as reinforcing the idea of GM as an equal opportunities, ethnically diverse employer, the campaign is designed to show how GM works towards engineering a higher degree of diversity in society. Linked to this program is the companys renewed focus on safety, which has seen not only improvements designed to help children in the event of an accident, but also high-profile campaigns to reinforce the companys vehicles in order to make them withstand bigger crashes. The Buckle Up program has been maintained, and GM has expanded this campaign since 2008 by taking the message to schools around the US. The company claims that corporate responsibility is about more than just words its an acknowledgement that our actions shape our reputation (GM, 2009). Environmentally-Friendly Technology During the 1990s, a number of scandals saw the company accused of poor environmental management, including an accusation that sediments have been stored in unsafe conditions. In 2006, GM was one of a number of manufacturers from around the world named in a suit brought by the State of California over the issue of pollution. The case was dismissed a year later, but the damage to GMs reputation had already been done. In 2008, the Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) ranked GM 18th on its list of the USs worst polluters, giving the company a toxic score of 73,248, set against the no. 1 polluter, E.I. du Pont de Nemours, which scored 285,661 (PERI, 2008). Meanwhile, in the same year, the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) ranked GM 7th out of the worlds largest car manufacturers in terms of pollution and environmental performance, noting that although some of the companys brands performed well in this area, many others performed very badly (USC, 2008). As a result of this negativ e publicity, by the end of 2008 GM was seen to be lagging behind other companies in terms of (a) establishing its green credentials, and (b) getting these credentials across to the public. In fact, GM has a better record on environmental issues than might seem the case given the poor ratings mentioned above. Back in the early 1990s, GM produced the first all-electric US car, the EV1; although this was not a huge success, and was ultimately discontinued within ten years, the EV1 still popularised the idea of electric cars in the US and showed other manufacturers that the concept had potential. GM has long been working on alternative-technology vehicles, pioneering the use of turbochargers and ethanol-burning flexible-fuel vehicles. In 2004, GM was the first US company to introduce alternative fuel systems for SUVs and pick-up trucks, and the company has since launched a number of mild (i.e. part electric, part diesel) hybrid cars, such as the Saturn Vue and Chevrolet Malibu. Although these cars were introduced alongside, rather than instead of, conventional diesel cars, many industry analysts argue that GM has worked hard to create environmentally-friendly cars but has for the most part failed to promote this aspect of its business. GM has also worked on hybrid vehicles that have been mostly ignored by other companies, including a hybrid Magic-branded bus due for introduction between 2012 and 2014. GM has also worked hard on improving electric car batteries and instigating hydrogen technology. The company is pioneering flexible fuel technology, and all four of its core brands now have some form of flexible fuel model available. Criticisms of GMs Social Responsibility As the largest US car manufacturer, GM has naturally come in for heavy criticism for pioneering the modern phenomenon of the SUV. An SUV is a large, very strong car designed for carrying heavy equipment and negotiating difficult terrain; however, these vehicles have become extremely popular in suburban America, where they have routinely been used for common urban journeys. Since SUVs have very poor fuel efficiency, some critics have argued that SUVs, their owners, and their manufacturers including GM are contributing to the global warming problem. GM has recognised that global warming is a genuine phenomenon, and has made a number of clear public pronouncements on the subject. However, the SUV was one of the key vehicles in GMs recovery from near-bankruptcy in the mid-1990s, and the recent economic crisis has seen the SUV confirmed as one of GMs core products. Attempts to create hybrid SUVs have met with mixed results, and its notable that while some other companies have found succ ess with smaller, lighted hybrid cars, GMs attempts to create hybrid SUVs have for the most part failed. As of the end of 2009, GM has sold less than 1,000 hybrid vehicles (GM, 2009). This compares with companies such as Toyota (see chapter 5), who have sold more than 1m around the world. Clearly, GMs attempts to create an environmentally friendly and socially responsible vehicle have been somewhat stymied by an inability to capitalise on apparent public interest. Most US users of hybrid vehicles buy imported Toyota machines, with the Japanese manufacturer having captured around 75% of the American market (Toyota, 2009b). When the US government was forced to help GM (and other US car manufacturers) with its recent stimulus package, it was apparent that there was disappointment in some quarters concerning the lack of an emphasis on the need to promote environmentally-friendly vehicles. However, this lack of emphasis arguably reflects the fact that there isnt enough of a market for GM to justify the kind of investment that the hybrid sector requires. Consequently, GM like Ford and Chrysl er, the other two barely surviving US car giants has focused on its core brands and products, and for now this means little attention to environmentally friendly vehicles. Case Study 2: Toyota (Japan) Background Toyota is the worlds largest car manufacturer by sales (Isidore, 2009), with annual revenue in 2009 standing at $263.42bn down 21.9% on the previous years figures (Toyota, 2009). The company has a massive worldwide presence, with factories in over 30 countries including the US, the UK, France, Brazil, Portugal, Russia, India and Japan. Since the late 1990s, Toyota has been the most prominent exponent of hybrid technology and environmentally-friendly options such as electric cars. Ranges such as the Toyota Prius have become recognised as symbols of a new generation of car manufacturing in which the environmental and social impact of vehicles is a key consideration. Although sales of these hybrid vehicles have not, as yet, surpassed sales of Toyotas traditional diesel-engined cars, the company is at the forefront of the environmentally-friendly, socially responsible market and as such expects to capitalise massively when the market for such vehicles reaches maturity. However, Toyota like most other car manufacturers has experienced difficult financial times in recent years. With revenue down and the company reporting its first net loss in more than seventy years, 2008 was a traumatic years for a company that traditionally prides itself on stability and reliability. Like its domestic rival Honda, and many of its international rivals, Toyota had to ask for government loans in order to remain competitive; however, while many other companies needed these loans in order to survive, Toyota requested loans simply because it wanted to ensure it remained competitive in an environment in which it felt that many of its competitors would be artificially boosted by government cash. The company cut back many ancillary programs, including a number of factories, a chain of dealerships, and the costly Formula One racing team, and re-focused on core products. Just as recovery seemed to be around the corner, a major safety recall was necessitated in late 2009 and early 2010 as the company discovered problems with braking software on a number of models. The estimated cost of this recall program is between $1.8bn and $2bn (Fisk, 2010), which represents a sizeable chunk of the companys profits for the next few years. Social Responsibility In 2001, Toyota began to promote the Toyota way, a socially responsible philosophy that emphasised two key areas: respect for people, and continuous development. Aligning technological advances with the need to improve lives, Toyota sought to counter the idea that technology is essentially de-humanising. The Toyota Way has four main components: Group problem-solving, recognising the ability of individuals to express themselves. Long-term thinking, including an awareness of the companys environmental impact. Developing employees, improving their skill sets so that they contribute more to the company. Solving root problems, rather than covering up the symptoms of those problems (Liker, 2004). The Toyota Way quickly came to be seen by many analysts as the benchmark for early twenty-first century social responsibility. Many observers began to position the Toyota Way as less about Toyota, and more about how the worlds major corporations can retain their cutting-edge competitiveness while acting in a more socially responsible manner (Liker, 2004, p. 205). As a result, many other companies around the world began to expressly or implicitly define their own corporate social responsibility programs within the parameters of the Toyota Way. The result, for Toyota, was substantial positive publicity about the companys leading role in fundamentally changing the way in which corporations approach their relationship with their customers. By 2004, the Toyota Way had been championed by over 100 leading companies around the world (Liker, 2004, p. 206) and was widely seen to have made a substantial and genuine contribution to corporate social responsibility, including establishing the idea of such responsibility in the first place. Despite some criticisms of the plan, including an emphasis on words over actions (Crane et al., 2007, p. 56), the Toyota Plan positioned Toyota as one of the most socially responsible corporations in the world today. In 2006, Toyota established the Toyota Corporate Citizenship Division (CCD) in a bid to further formalise its commitment to social responsibility and sustainable development. CCD was based on Toyotas claim that it was determined to reinforce social contribution activities and integrate corporate social contribution functions that had (previously) been performed by multiple divisions (Toyota, 2006). The CCD program was not specifically a new initiative, but rather an umbrella venture designed to bring the companys various environmental, educational and traffic safety programs together. However, one key aspect of the CCD launch was Toyotas formal acceptance of the global warming phenomenon, and of the car manufacturing industrys role in accelerating global warming and thereby threatening the environment. Among the CCD initiatives designed to improve Toyotas contribution to the environment were: A reforestation program, providing funding for reforestation schemes around the world, including Japan, North and South American, and Europe. An educational program, designed to help school-children learn about the need to protect the environment. Research funding, providing money for research into reforestation and other methods of combating the effects of global warming. CCD also expressly committed Toyota to a series of regional Harmonious Society programs, designed to promote philanthropy, welfare and self-reliance within local communities, and to demonstrate ways in which these communities can help themselves, and less fortunate members of society, to improve their local environment. Volunteer activism was promoted as part of this scheme, with Toyota employees in Japan encouraged to spend time working with charities and other organisations. CCD also enabled the construction of a Toyota museum in Tokyo, with the aim of educating people about not only the history of the company, but also about the key principles of CCD. Many analysts broadly welcomed CCD as an affirmation of Toyotas social responsibility, and the company remains one of the firmest backers of the need to educate children about the dangers of climate control. Toyotas funding of research has also enabled significant work to be undertaken regarding experimental reforestation techniques, as well as work on new fuel and automotive technology. Although the benefits of this research have yet to be seen in the real world, this is largely due to the necessarily long periods of testing, and the company confidently predicts real world application to be manifested by 2015 for a number of projects. Environmentally-Friendly Technology As well as focusing on social responsibility through its CCD program, Toyota has also been arguably the most active proponent of environmentally friendly cars. The company has noted that these vehicles can not only cut down on pollution, but can also improve local communities by running more efficiently and with less noise. As part of its drive to improve its environmental standing, Toyota initiated the Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) project in the early 1990s, with the aim of developing a cohesive set of hybrid car technologies which allow Toyotas Prius, Hybrid and Lexus ranges to operate as full hybrids (i.e. fully powered by electric batteries) rather than mild (partial) hybrids. HSD has been extremely successful since its launch, and in 2009 the company announced that it had sold more than 2m hybrid cars, resulting in a cumulative estimated reduction in CO2 emissions of around 11m cubic tonnes (Toyota, 2009b). HSD has allowed Toyota to corner 75% of the US market in hybrid cars, 63% of the European market, and 61% of the Japanese market (Toyota, 2009). The system has been so successful that Toyota has announced plans to introduce HSD on all its models from around 2015-2019. Concomitant with this success has been work, jointly undertaken with Honda, to reduce the costs of hybrids, and this too has been successful: between 2005 and 2009, the incremental costs of hybrid vehicles was reduced by 50% (Toyota, 2009b). As a result, Toyota is now widely seen around the world as one of the most dynamic and experimental but also successful manufacturers of hybrid cars. The recent economic crisis has somewhat dented Toyotas previous enthusiasm for hybrid technology, although the company remains committed to the concept in the long-term. Prior to the onset of the 2007 economic crisis, it was widely noted that although Toyota had made major improvements in terms of both the technology and affordability of the hybrid program, there was still a great deal of work to be done, and this would require continued high levels of investment. However, the economic crisis has removed much of the companys financial stability, and this has resulted in a reappraisal of Toyotas ability to fund the kind of aggressive investment that is widely accepted as necessary in order to bring HSD technology to a much wider range of everyday cars. Toyota has admitted that funding for some projects has been put on hold, but remains committed to continuing investment with its core Prius, Lexus and Hybrid ranges (Toyota, 2009b). The companys public identity is so closely linked with environmentally friendly cars, that Toyota faces two conflicting elements of the debate over its continued investment in this area during troubled economic times: on the one hand, investing in this technology is one of Toyotas unique selling points (USPs) and arguably helps it maintain a high profile even among users who are not (for whatever reason) likely to purchase a hybrid vehicle in the near future; on the other hand, this public image is so well established that the company could likely afford to rein in its spending in this area and concentrate on promoting its existing technologies, and this would probably be enough to maintain the public image of Toyota as an environmentally friendly, socially responsible car manufacturer. Criticisms of Toyotas Social Responsibility Toyota has been roundly praised by many analysts, who argue that the companys environmental and social responsibility programs have been strong, effective and genuine. However, these programs have not been without their critics. William B. Werther and David Chandler suggest that much of Toyotas press commentary on the issue of social responsibility has focused on recycling the same initiatives repeatedly, rather than developing new policies (Werther Chandler, 2006, p. 88). The company has proved remarkably adept when it comes to repackaging old news, and this old news is in many cases more effective than the new news of rival manufacturers, but its still possible to argue that Toyota has not really moved on with its social responsibility programs since the early 2000s. Furthermore, some of its aims such as educating children about the dangers of global warming are laudable rhetoric but have not been transformed into realisable achievements to the degree that the rhetoric might hav e proposed. Werther and Chandler go on to note that Toyota has benefited from the relative lack of action of its contemporaries (Werther Chandler, 2006, p. 90), which has allowed the company to make small moves towards social responsibility and environmental concern and have those moves come across as far more powerful and bold, in relation to companies such as Honda and GM etc., than they would seem if judged purely on their own merits. Nevertheless, this criticism has for the most part been drowned out by a chorus of approval, and its notable that the companys reputation for social responsibility no matter how carefully orchestrated has been received by the public, for the most part, as a genuine phenomenon. Conclusion Car manufacturers are business entities and, as such, are committed to pursuing profit. Although its certainly not impossible for such companies to pursue operational goals with socially responsible objectives, these will inevitably have to be couched within the terms of a profit motive, and the structure of such large companies with a board of directors reporting to shareholders makes it virtually impossible for them to abandon the profit motive in favour of a wholly socially responsible approach. Although some world governments have shown a degree of sympathy for the idea that socially responsible corporate behaviour (particularly in the heavily-polluting car industry) should be rewarded by beneficial tax and trading incentives, it remains clear that for the most part it is necessary for such changes to be market-driven. A market-driven change will therefore reflect consumer desire to make purchases that reward social responsibility, and there is a perception that this will neces sarily result in higher costs. As has been shown, its certainly clear that the cost reductions achieved in the car manufacturing industry over the past three decades are mostly inconsistent with environmentally and socially responsible cars. However, while some consumers have always shown a degree of willingness to pay more for a certain type of car than might strictly be necessary, this type of behaviour has almost exclusively been couched in terms of the desire to own a car that functions as a status symbol. Consequently, socially responsible car manufacturers must position their products in a similar manner. While this is certainly one of the potentially profitable opportunities available to car manufacturers, however, its clear that many manufacturers do not see it as sufficiently strong to support an entire company. In other words, the market has not yet pushed manufacturers towards full social responsibility. The research carried out for this project clearly shows that the environment is by far the most important factor in most peoples thoughts about social responsibility. This presents the industry with a problem, since cars are inherently environmentally unfriendly and even hybrid technology requires production plants etc., i.e. things that produce pollution. Even the most ardent supporters of environmentally-friendly vehicles would not go so far as to suggest that the industry can be made entirely compliant in terms of the environment. The best case scenario for the car manufacturing industry is to work to reduce the direct impact of motoring (i.e. the impact of the actual vehicles through carbon emissions etc.) and to hope that consumers will be more tolerant of less visible factors such as the carbon emissions from factories and production plants as well as subsidiary activities such as research and design. Whether this approach will be successful is unclear, but consumers are unlike ly to want to give up their dependence on cars, so some form of subconscious compromise is likely to be achievable. Its likely that consumers will adopt relative views of the industry, i.e. viewing certain manufacturers are being more socially responsible than their competitors. As the research shows, younger consumers are more likely to be influenced by this, so there is a real benefit for companies such as Toyota who can demonstrate their environmental credentials. It remains to be seen whether younger, environmentally-aware consumers carry this awareness through to their purchasing decisions in later life, or whether their attitudes change as they get older. However, whatever the permutations, its clear that manufacturers cant afford to ignore the issue of social responsibility, and that they must focus in particular on the environment. Its clear that the market still favours safe options, and that socially responsible products are for the most part seen as a luxury. In fact, social responsibility can be seen as the ultimate luxury in the modern market. As Philip Kotler and Nancy Lee note, decadence and overt luxury have become unfashionable in recent years, as part of a backlash against excess, so social responsibility and socially responsible brands are now one of the key means by which those with disposable income can flaunt their wealth without inviting criticism (Kotler Lee, 2005, p. 80). According to this theory, someone driving a Toyota Prius hybrid car, for example, is essentially doing so (at least in part) for the same reasons that someone might drive a top-of-the-range Ferrari: both cars are a form of status symbol. However, while the Ferrari might draw accusations of flashiness and showmanship, the Prius is seen as a sign of environmental concern and social responsibility. The Prius therefore confers a degree of social responsibility upon its owner. Furthermore, Kotler and Lee argue that in the west, we are increasingly aware of global inequality, yet we do not want to give away our wealth (Kotler Lee, 2005, p. 82). In other words, driving a socially responsible car is a way of spending money, and displaying wealth, while buttressing the act of spending against criticism by emphasising the socially responsible aspect of the product. This means that the public appetite for socially responsible cars is fundamentally based on a desire to display wealth and status; its therefore no surprise if poor economic conditions limit the degree to which such status symbols can be afforded, and companies such as Toyota are therefore unable to rely on these ranges to generate huge profits. The development of environmentally friendly cars can therefore be seen as a function less of social responsibility on the part of car manufacturers, and more as a function of social responsibility (for various reasons, as outlined above) on the part of consumers. Car manufacturers will always react to consumer demand and consumer opinion, and the recent relative success of socially responsible cars can be seen as an example of companies attempting to gain an early foothold in a potentially extremely lucrative market. Companies such as Toyota did not, therefore, decide to focus so much money and time on products such as the Prius simply because their executives felt social responsibility was a morally or ethically correct approach, although well-planned and well-executed advertising campaigns may well have given this impression. Instead, Toyota a company with a history of spotting opportunities early and moving into growing markets (Hino, 2005, p. 6) sought to become the dominant fi gure in a market that it believed would grow massively over the next decade. The economic crisis has limited such optimism, and Toyota (and other manufacturers) have cut back on this area accordingly. However, it would seem that there is, overall, a high degree of optimism concerning the long-term future of socially responsible cars, and most car manufacturers believe that this is an area that will eventually prove highly lucrative. The fact that such an approach is not, however, a part of core business strategies, was evident in the various financial stimulus plans put forward by world governments in recent years, many of which failed to provide the level of support for socially responsible cars as campaigners would have wanted. Nevertheless, many analysts believe that the market is still moving towards rewarding social responsibility on a larger scale, and even if this process has been dramatically slowed by the economic crisis, many expect it to ultimately resume when the financi al basis is in place. Consequently, although the motives for socially responsible behaviour can be questioned, its clear that there is still a place for social responsibility in the car manufacturing industry, and this is likely to lead to major developments and investment programs once the immediate effects of the financial crisis have been overcome. Recommendations Based on the research carried out, the following recommendations can be made: Manufacturers should not abandon socially responsible and environmentally friendly vehicles simply because of the short term problems associated with the economic crisis. Consumers should be more prepared to back their interest in social responsibility with relevant purchasing decisions. The car manufacturing industry should make concerted, united efforts to introduce certain standards in terms of environmentally friendly, socially responsible technology. Bibliography Adams, John Hafiz T. A. Khan Robert Raeside David I. White (2007). Research Methods for Graduate Business and Social Science Students. Oxford: Oxford University Press Automaker (2007). Automaker Rankings 2007, available at (accessed 02/10) Blattberg, Charles (2004). Welfare: Towards the Patriotic Corporation. Oxford: Oxford University Press Crane, Andrew Dirk Matten Laura Spence (2007). Corporate Social Responsibility: Readings and Cases. Oxford: Oxford University Press Crane, Andrew Abigail McWilliams Dirk Matten Jeremy Moon (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press Everingham, C. (2001). Reconstituting Community. London: Palgrave Macmillan Fackler, Martin (2008). Toyota Expects its First Loss in 70 Years, in The New York Times, December 22nd 2008, available at (accessed 02/10) Fisk, Margaret Cronin (2010). Toyota Recall Cost to Exceed $2bn, Lawyers Say, available at (accessed 02/10) GM (2009). Corporate Responsibility, available at (accessed 02/10) Granger, C. M. Lord (2009). Case Study: Small Business Performance During Times of Economic Hardship, in The Journal of Business and Management Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 33-36 (Winter 2009) Harvard Business Review (2003). Business Review on Corporate Responsibility. Harvard: Harvard Business School Heald, Morrell (2005). The Social Responsibilities of Business: Company and Community, 1900-1960. Basingstoke: OU Press Hino, Satoshi (2005). Inside the Mind of Toyota: Management Principles for Enduring Growth. London: Productivity Press Hollander, Jeffrey Stephen Fenichell (2004). What Matters Most: Business, Social Responsibility and the End of the Era of Greed. London: WileyBlackwell Hopkins, Michael (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility and International Development: Is Business the Solution?. London New York: Routledge Isidore, Chris (2009). GM Loses No. 1 Sales Title to Toyota, available at (accessed 02/10) Liker, Jeffrey (2004). The Toyota Way: Fourteen Management Principles From the Worlds Greatest Manufacturer. London: McGraw-Hill Professional McWilliams, Abigail Donald Siegel (2001). Corporate Social Responsibility: A Theory of the Firm Perspective, in Academy of Management Review, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 117-127 (Summer 2001) Miller, Frederic P. Agnes F. Vandome John McBrewster (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility. London New York: Routledge OICA (2008). Production Statistics, available at (accessed 02/10) PERI (2008). Toxic 100 Index, available at (accessed 02/10) Phillips, Robert Edward Freeman (2003). Stakeholder Theory and Organization Ethics. New York: Berrett-Koehler Publishers Saunders, Mark K. Adrian Thornhill Philip Lewis (2009). Research Methods for Business Students. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Schreck, Philip (2009). The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: Understanding and Measuring Economic Impacts of Corporate Social Responsibility. London: John Wiley Sons Scott, Allen J. (2008). The Social Economy of the Metropolis. Oxford: Oxford University Press Strott, Elizabeth (2009). Toyota Takes Sales Crown from GM, available at (accessed 02/10) Toyota (2006). Social Contribution, available at (accessed 02/10) Toyota (2009). 2009 Financial Results, available at (accessed 02/10) Toyota (2009b). Worldwide Sales of TMC Hybrids Top 2m Units, available at (accessed 02/10) Wearden, Graeme (2009). General Motors Countdown to Collapse, available at (accessed 02/10)