Population Growth and Economic Development - 2581 Words

POPULATION GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The consequences of population growth on economic development have attracted the attention of economists ever since Adam smith wrote his Wealth of nations. It was only Malthus and Ricardo who created an alarm about the effect of population growth on the economy. Population and Economic Development However, the consequences of population growth on the development of LDCs are not the same because the conditions prevailing in these countries are quite different from those in the developed economies. These economies are poor, capital scarce and labor abundant. Population growth adversely affects their economic development in the following ways, first faster population growth makes the choice more†¦show more content†¦These have to be imported which accentuate the balance of payments difficulties. Thus growth of population retards agricultural development and creates a number of other problems discussed above. Population and Employment A rapidly increasing population plunges the economy into mass unemployment and underemployment. As population increases the proportion of workers to total population rises. But in the absence of contemporary resources, it is not possible to expand jobs. The result is that with the increase in labor force unemployment and underemployment increase. A rapidly increasing population reduces income, savings, and investment. Thus capital formation is retarded and job opportunities are reduced, thereby increasing unemployment. Population and social Infrastructure Rapidly growing population necessitates large investments in social infrastructure and divers resources from directly productive assets. Due to scarcity of resources, it is not possible to provide educational, health, medical, transport and housing facilities to the entire population. There is overcrowding everywhere. Population and Labor Force The labor force in an economy is the ratio of working population to the total population. Assuming 50 years as the average life expectancy in an underdeveloped country, the labor force is in effect the number of people in the age group 15 – 50 years. During the demographicShow MoreRelatedPopulation Growth and Economic Development1152 Words   |  5 PagesDO LARGE POPULATION A KEY TO ECONOMIC PROGRESS Introduction: Thomas Malthus in his published book â€Å"An Essay on the Principle of Population† claimed that there is a tendency for the population growth rate to surpass the production growth rate because population increases at a geometrical rate while production increases at an arithmetic rate. Thus, the unfettered population growth in a country could plunge it into acute poverty. However, the pessimist view has proven unfounded for developed economiesRead MoreThe Development Of The World Population1528 Words   |  7 Pageslong history, the development of the world population directly depends on the mode of social production, especially the level of development of productive forces. In the history, mankind got the tremendous progress in productivity often with the population rapid develop. In the primitive society, the primitive society s population birth rate and the mortality rate all maintained at about 50% because of the objective law and the social production mode. The number of the population maintain in a stateRead MoreBarriers to Economic Development in Ghana1431 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic development has to occur after a period of sustained economic growth. It is therefore the growth in total economic output accompanied by changes in the structure of the economy. There are many barriers to economic development in Ghana. Eight of them are discussed below: First and foremost, Ghana like most developing countries is enriched with natural resources or deposits but the human capital is not able to transform them to achieve rapid economic growth and development. For economicRead MoreEssay on The Concept of Economic Growth Development 1299 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopment is one of the most important factors of human life and one of the abilities which distinguish humans from animals. Over time, humans have realized their power to gain whatever they want from the environment. However, it has not taken too long for people to understand that this trend can end up with a disaster. Over consumption of limited natural resources can cause environmental degradation in an environment that humans are depends on it for living. This essay will look into the conceptRead MoreEssay on Economic Growth and Development894 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition of economic development. There is no single definition that encompasses all the aspects of economic development. The most comprehensive definition perhaps of economic development is the one given by Todaro: ‘Development is not purely an economic phenomenon but rather a multi – dimensional process involving reorganization and re orientation of the entire economic and social system. Development is a process of improving the qualityRead MoreChina s Economic Development Through The Stages Of The Demographic Transition Model And Its Post Transition Conditions881 Words   |  4 PagesChina’s booming economic growth over the past forty or so years is one of the most impressive events to happen in the global economy. The economic transformation of this country is unlike any other transformation. China was by far the most economically and technologically advanced nation almost a millennium ago. However, it started to fall behind in economic growth compare to Western Europe during the time of 1500 and 1800. This paper will examine China’s economic development through the stagesRead MoreThe Between Science, Policy And Sustainability1103 Words   |  5 Pagesthat there are limits to growth is not new to science. The debate that exponential population growth and economic growth, coupled with natural resources depletion, cannot be sustained has started alr eady a few centuries ago with a ground-breaking publication: â€Å"Essay on the principle of population† Thomas Malthus in 1798. With more scientific knowledge developed around this debate, a reverse strategy was formed on the international political agenda called Sustainable Development, and nowadays became aRead MoreChinese Economic Development And Structure Problem986 Words   |  4 Pages Chinese economic development and structure problem Key question: China s economy, (China s economic have increased of Efficiency Analysis .) China s economic high speed growth can be remained? PESTEL China s economic have increased of Efficiency Analysis . After Chine revolution , Chinese economic have increase very fast , take GDP for a example,after economic revolution , about annual growth rate have keep or more than double-digit , this is very crazy. However ,according to the explainRead MoreUrbanization in India1258 Words   |  5 Pagessuggested issues with India’s limiting urbanization policies that jeopardize its potential for growth and employment. If India’s physical expansion is left unattended, this will deplete its available resources, and lead to economic, social, and environmental challenges (Hardoy, Diana, Satterthwaite, 2001). Although India’s physical expansion has already led to many such challenges, the optimism of economic development in its cities, and the hope for welfare, persists in many economists. If â€Å"handled wellRead MoreComparing Tokyo And Auckland s Development1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss Tokyo and Auckland’s development (1880-1930), outlining pressures and opportu nities created by technology advancements and how Tokyo is caused by urbanisation, comparing with Auckland. Tokyo’s population is approximately 13.35million with rapid urban growth. The land area of Tokyo is approximately 2,187km2. Tokyo was first established in 1869. Tokyo was originally named Edo (small fishing village) in early 1800’s. Tokyo was a part of the Musashi Province development. The early-18th century,

The Depression Of The 30 S - 937 Words

The depression of the 30’s came to many as a great shock, especially after just coming out of the wild and lavish ‘roaring’ 20’s. The sudden shift in the atmosphere; this crash of the stock market (Oct. 29, 1920) seemed to pull the rug out from under the American people leaving many dazed and confused, not knowing where to turn to. All hope was turned to Hoover, -president at the time- but soon any and every last glimmer of optimism turned to dust as Hoover failed to keep his people above water like many past presidents. This is when Franklin Delano Roosevelt stepped into the spotlight and grabbed the bull by it’s horns, imposing what is called â€Å"The New Deal† wrangling with the immense economic debt of this country and pulling the†¦show more content†¦This sort of market economy seemed to work quite well in the 20’s, and soon the stock market began to see quite a rise. All was good for a time, then, shortly after, the boom ing economy in 1929 led to business inventories backlogs that were three times their size the previous year. Production began a journey to slow declination, thus resulting in the stock market crash beginning October 24, and finally ending on Black Tuesday October 29. The depression swept over the nation like a wildfire, it’s flames licking each and everyone person sparing no mercy. The majority of the nation was unemployed. As for blacks, 80 percent of African-Americans were unemployed. Unemployment rates seemed to spike early into the 1920s and hit their peak around 1933 to rise again in 1935. It was a fluctuation, up and down, up and down, peak and valley. By 1945, the unemployment percentage dropped to under 5 percent, only around 1,040,000 people (Doc. J). The unemployment and general lack of concern for those who still had jobs was met with labor unrest. Employers showed blatant disregard for their hardworking employees through their refusal to grant reasonably safe work ing conditions and through refusal of collective bargaining. This started strikes and gave way to sit down strikes. Corporations such as U.S. Steel and General Motors were only some of the accused transgressors of law feeling above giving workers their rights (Doc. G). The homelessness in search of jobs was

Self-Reflection of Communication Skill-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Effective Business Communication. Answer: Communication skills are essential for the professional and the personal growth of an individual. The present is the self-reflection developed from the information generated through the application of diagnostic tools. In the present section, I have used five diagnostic tools namely, talkoholic, intercultural, intercultural, willingness to listen diagnostic and tolerance for disagreement. These tools were used to identify the issues in the communication style of a person (Guffey Loewy, 2015). These tools identify different aspects of an individual communication such as how do they reach when they are confronted with different situations. The non-verbal cues and gestures are also important in having a decent communication with the colleagues. It is important that a person possess all the gestures and posture so that he can represent himself properly in front of other people. The feelings of an individual towards communication are also important in judging his overall communication capabilities. Most of the people struggle with speaking in public situations. Moreover, a large number of people struggle with the unwillingness to listen to other people. In order to have an interesting and engaging conversation, it is important that the person listens to the thoughts and the viewpoints of other people and use them to extend their conversation (Hartley Bruckman, 2008). The fifth tool is tolerance for disagreement which examines how well the people can tolerate arguments with other people. The present essay is based on the self-reflection of my communication skill. For gathering the information I used five different types of the communication diagnostic tools. Through these diagnostic tools, I come to know about my two communication issues which were drawn from the results. The two communication issues which are creating a problem in my communication network are intercultural communication apprehension and tolerance to disagreement. Along with this, the report also includes a literature review which focuses on the different concept and communication related to the communication issues. With the help of reflection, I have gained knowledge related to the activities which helps in overcoming these communication issues. In order to check communication skills and the knowledge, I used five different types of diagnostics tool in different communication situations. The third diagnostics tool which is used is Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension. Here, I gained knowledge to address communication apprehension in the intercultural context. It includes how well an individual can use and make communication in an intercultural environment. The fourth diagnostic tools which used were Talkaholic Scale. This tool helps to measure and gain knowledge about the verbal skills of the individual (Guffey, Almonte, RKaka, 2007). The tolerance for disagreement is another tool which examined the response of an individual to disagreeable situations. This tool helped me to analyze that I do not respond properly to disagreeable situations. I also realized that it is important to accept the ideas the notions of other people. The result from the entire questionnaire was quite accurate. Through these diagnostic tools, I gained knowledge about the communication issues and made changes to address these issues. By making the analysis and diagnosis of my interpersonal skills, I gained different answers from each tool. The first tool which I used to make a diagnosis of interpersonal communication skills was Tolerance for Disagreement (Means, 2009). Under this diagnostics tool, I gained less marks. It shows that I have low tolerance to disagreeable behavior. I cannot accept if someone else disagrees to my views and counters it. I tend to get agree to the situation and cannot handle the situation properly. The second diagnostics tool which I used was Nonverbal Immediacy Scale-Self. In this, I scored 100. This shows that I have positive behavior towards other, I looked positively other people and my behavior and gestures are also positive for other people. The third diagnostic tool which was used is Personal Report of Intercultural Communication. I scored on the lower side in this communication tool. It shows that I hesitate in communicating with people who belong to different culture or the different regions because they hold some other values and beliefs as compare to me (Guffey Loewy, 2017). The fourth diagnostics tool which I used was Talkaholic Scale. This tool is used to examine how well I can communicate to other people. In this diagnosis, I achieved a score of 45 which shows that I can easily make interact to anyone and I have good verbal communication skills. The fifth diagnosis tool is Personal Report of willingness to listen. Through this tool, I scored 113, which is moderat e as compared to standard requirements. In personal perception too, I realized that I am a good listener. I try to understand the viewpoints and feelings of others and try to accommodate them in my decisions. The same results were posited in the test results. In the diagnostics tools, two major issues were raised in my communcaation style, which are intercultural communication and intolernce to disagreement. Along with it, the Intercultural Communication is another issue which is faced in my communication issues. In order to take the advantages in the business communication, I need to improve these two issues so I can manage my communication effectively (Moll, 2012). In the workplace, there are a number of people who belongs to the various cultural and diversity. So, I make sure to improve this communication effectively. There are different type of events occurring which substantiates my feeling that I have high intolerance to disagreement. I was working in a multinational firm when I realized that I hate argument. At the first day of the office, I need to give an oral presentation. I need to introduce myself to other team members. Before the formal meetings, I felt very nervous and I was thinking about the other people, like what type of question they will ask and other things that I should tell to my senior employees. I was also worried whether, they liked me or not. This shows that I have anxiety speaking in the front of other people. I knew that there are a number of new people working in the office and some of them are working since three-four years. So, it brings my confidence down. So in the meeting, I present and provide only formal information about myself. While making the conversation, I felt that I was nervous and did not provide introduction accurately. I failed in making effective commu nication with another person. The second example is also related to the same firm in which I was working. The second problem is related to my issue of intercultural communication and apprehension. It refers to how well an individual can communicate with another who belongs to a different cultural background. While working in the firm, I found that I cannot make effective communication with the people who belong to the diverse cultural background (Achmidt, 2007). I feel hesitated during communication with them. So in the firm, I was unable to communicate with them. The team in which I was working also included many people who belong to diverse cultures. So, while working with them, I felt uncomfortable. The lack of communication skills leads to many problems for individuals. For each individual, there are different communication skills problems. In regard to the communication skills, there are different types of the diagnostic tools which help the individual to evaluate the communications problems. In addition, there are different types of research which assist a person in overcoming these communication problems. Intercultural Communication apprehension can be defined as the worry to talk to people who belong to the different cultural background. In the business organization, there are a number of people who are working in the company and not all the people in the company belongs to similar cultural. Different people belong to various cultural backgrounds. According to Kosti? Bobanovi?, (2007) intercultural apprehension can appear in the individual due to lack of knowledge and experiences. People who have experiences of different culture or have knowledge about others cultural do not feel anxiety. Due to this anxiety, they do not make communication in the workplace. In order to overcome such problems individual need to work in unpleasant situations. So, this helps individuals to overcome any problems. So, in the intercultural communication, the individual needs to make sure to learn about their beliefs and values through which their hesitation can overcome. Along with this, to improve problem s they also need to adopt practices which can be used to talk to people effectively. The intolerance to disagreement is common problems in many individuals. People lack this skill because they never cannot tolerate that the other person is not agreeing to the viewpoints. Such thing leads to people toward the failure. It limits the thinking capability and understanding of an individual. In the business workplace, there are numerous events which appears wherein the individual feel anxiety. Due to this, the individuals cannot make communication and do not solve problems and misunderstanding in the business. According to McNally, Enock, Tsai, and Tousian, (2013) the intolerance to disagreement occurs when the people have the perception that they are correct. The individual needs to learn to understand the viewpoints of others because it helps to them in understanding cultural and teamwork. Through this skill, they can present themselves in front of other people and also they can understand what they want to communicate. According to Bartholomay and Houlihan, (2016) there are different practices which can be adopted by the individual in order to overcome intolerance to disagreement. First, it is important to acknowledge that every individual has personal perception and it is important to respect and acknowledge it. In order to overcome this problem, the individual can attend the classes or make self-practices. Through such practices, the individual can overcome with problems. There are different types of the research which are conducted in the communication skills improvements. Kam, Guntzviller, and Pines (2017) focussed their research on cultural apprehension. For professional life, it is essential for the business to make effective communication. In the intercultural context, such skills lead people towards the success in the workplace. If an individual makes effective communication with each other then it makes individual presence strong in the company and also helps the individuals to leads the workplace relationships and increase effectiveness as a manager. According to Hunter, Westwick and Haleta, (2014) Intolerance to disagreement can lead to many problems for an individual in the business place. At the workplace, there are many situations which appear where the individual need to communicate. Many individuals will not agree to their viewpoints and argue in a upfront manner. It is important to understand and acknowledge that every individual has a different perception. On such events, it is essential for the employees to present themselves accurately and also need to make sure that to make effective communicate with each other. It also leads them to maintain activities in the team. After identifying the communication issues, I developed an action plan as according to my needs and preferences. I have created six-month action plan to overcome with such communication problems. In the first step of my action plan, I used journal entries which would be beneficial throughout the process to keep me on track my own progress and evaluate my actions. At the end of the six months, this journals help me to overcome my communication problems and the track area where I need to make an improvement. The second step which was included in the action plan was to take classes to overcome the intolerance towards the diagreement. By attending such experts class, I can learn too many things. It also helps to improve my speech part and help to overcome the common issues related to the intolerance. I will take classes which will improve my communication skills. This class is conducted by the professional people and experts who hold the degree in communications. There are different type s of communication classes which conducted so I select the corporate speech. This training will be conducted for the six-week training. In order to overcome problems of intercultural CA, I need to gain experiences at the workplace. I try to meet people at workplace and help to overcome with intercultural CA. Along with this, I also gained knowledge about other different cultures. Pondering on various questions at the workplace, such as how they like to make communication, what are their social values and beliefs toward the communication and how they like to talk will assist in deeply understanding different cultures. Such things also help me to overcome these problems; in addition, there are various types of the communication videos which are available on youtube and other video sharing sites. All these videos helped me to learn about the effective intercultural communication and provided guidance related to how to make communication in the intercultural environment. At last, to review my performance and then evaluate my own progress I can take feedback from my subordinates. By asking my subordinates I can understand how well by communication skills are improved. Through which I can understand which part I need to improve and ways in which I can overcome with such problems. Phase 1 months 2 months 3 months 4 months 5 months 6 months personal journal book Join classes Watch videos At the last in the conclusion, it can be concluded that interpersonal communication process is lifetime learning opportunities. Through which an individual can send a message to other people. There are five different types of tools which are used in order to evaluate the effective approach of communication skills and issues related to personal communication problems. With the help of diagnostics tool, I can understand my personal communication issues which I need to resolve in an ineffective way. By using the action plan, I can evaluate my personal progress towards the communication approaches References Achmidt, W.V. (2007). Communicating Globally: Intercultural Communication and International Business. SAGE. Bartholomay, E. M., Houlihan, D. D. (2016). Public Speaking Anxiety Scale: Preliminary psychometric data and scale validation. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 211-215. Guffey, M.E., Loewy, D. (2015). Essentials of Business Communication. Cengage Learning. Guffey, M.E., Loewy, D. (2017). Business Communication: Process Product. Cengage Learning. Guffey, M.E., Almonte, R., Kaka, A.M. (2007). Essentials of Business Communication for English Language Learners. Cengage Learning. Hartley, P., Bruckman (2008). Business Communication. Routledge. Hunter, K. M., Westwick, J. N., Haleta, L. L. (2014). Assessing success: The impacts of a fundamentals of speech course on decreasing public speaking anxiety. Communication Education, 63(2), 124-135. Kam, J. A., Guntzviller, L. M., Pines, R. (2017). Language Brokering, Prosocial Capacities, and Intercultural Communication Apprehension Among Latina Mothers and Their Adolescent Children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(2), 168-183. Kosti? Bobanovi?, M. (2007). Intercultural communication apprehension. Ekonomska istraÃ… ¾ivanja, 20(2), 17-23. McNally, R. J., Enock, P. M., Tsai, C., Tousian, M. (2013). Attention bias modification for reducing speech anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(12), 882-888 Means, T. (2009). Business Communication. Cengage Learning. Moll, M. (2012). The Quintessence of Intercultural Business Communication. Springer Science Business Media. Odyssey Training (2017). Effective People and Communication Skills. Retrieved from https://www.odysseytraining.com.au/communication-training/effective-people-and communication-skills-course/

Management Accounting System Design in Manufacturing Departments free essay sample

The model was tested by means of empirical data collected from a questionnaire addressed to 160 production managers. The response rate was 82. 5%. The ? ndings provide some support for the notion that organizations adapt their MAS design to the control requirements of the situation. Furthermore, the study o? ers some empirical support for the existence of suboptimal equi? nality. That is, in situations which lack of a single dominant imperative, several alternative, and functionally equivalent management control system (MCS) designs, may arise. O 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction Since the mid-eighties, there has been a trend in manufacturing towards customization and novel approaches to organizing production, including JIT/TQM models of control (Schonberger, 1986; Womack, Jones, Roos, 1990). The pursuit of such strategies poses signi? cant challenges for the management since they typically imply intensi? ed interdependencies among functionally di? erentiated departments and new means of managing the work? ow (Bouwens Abernethy, 2000; Kalagnanam Lindsay, 1998). We will write a custom essay sample on Management Accounting System Design in Manufacturing Departments or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The multiple contingencies model stems from recognition that the demands placed on MAS design by multiple contingencies may con? ict (Fisher, 1995), i. e. , attempts to satisfy one demand may mean that other demands cannot be satis? ed. It is also explicitly assumed that the need for coordination and control can be met by several alternative, and equi? nal, management control system design strategies. The assumption is justi? ed by the long-held view that management control subsystems may not only complement each other but also substitute for each other (Fisher, 1995; Galbraith, 1973; Mintzberg, 1983). The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. The following two sections de? ne the constructs, develop the theoretical model, and conclude with a number of exploratory propositions. The process of data collection and data analysis is then detailed in the fourth section. The results of the study are presented and discussed in the ? fth and sixth sections, respectively. The last section contains concluding comments and some suggestions regarding future research. De? nition of constructs For a long time there has been an interest among scholars in documenting ? relationships between features of context in which the organization operates and its management control arrangements.

SWOT Analysis Swatch Group

SWOT Analysis Swatch Group Strength In 2010, the Swatch Group has managed to introduce $ 10 billion of sales through presentation of 19 brands meeting the demands of the established market segments (Deshpander et al. 3). In addition, the company’s success was due to the revival of famous brand Omega confronting Rolex. Finally, introducing advanced Co-Axial technologies has allowed the company to sustain a competitive advantage successfully.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on SWOT Analysis Swatch Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Weakness Despite the success of the company and focus on multi-brand development, the company experienced a serious financial recession in 2009. Apparently, the decline was due to the establishment of high-cost monopolized boutiques that were less competitive as compared to those offering multiple brands. Time-sensitivity was another issue that the Swatch Group had to face. Opportunity In order to follow the company mission to introduce value as a priority for product promotion, it was highly important to cooperate with the leading manufacturers of the watch parts, such as Nivarox (Deshpander et al. 5). In addition, the CEO of the Swatch Group, Nick Hayek, has introduced a new communication strategy focusing on developing brands and inviting such celebrities as Daniel Craig and George Clooney as sponsors. Threat A narrow-focused approach on branding campaign can limit the competitiveness of the company and introduce potential threat on the part of other competing businesses. Analysis With regard to the SWOT analysis, it is possible to highlight a range of brand strategies that a company has introduced to meet the customer demands. In particular, Hayek has introduced a multi-brand concept development that allowed to stay afloat and face all possible risks at losing a certain brand. Focus on brand development, on the one hand, might lead to the loss of certain consumers due to the ina bility of the producers to predict the needs and preferences. On the other hand, developing brand families based on innovation management is a step forward toward penetrating to an international market. Finally, maintaining a monopoly in brand development, which can lead to a less attractive image of the company’s product. Recommended Action Despite a well-organized and consistent strategy of promoting brand image through advancement of technology, development of brand families, and improving communication techniques, the company should still pay attention to the threat of their monopolized brand development.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Promoting a single brand to various markets can increase profitability, but for a short period because it is impossible to expand customer base endlessly. Therefore, the Swatch Group should work on expanding their cu stomer segments, but not on developing the concept of the Marketing Mix. Focus on product development and quality improvement should be a priority for the company to meet consumers’ fast-changing demands. Exploring new possibilities for enhancing product functionality is much more beneficial because it can change the fixed costs, as well as the controlling variables. Emphasis placed on technology innovation is relevant because it contributes to the development of new products and brands. However, the watch manufacturers should strike the balance between quality and functionality to meet the demands of broader market segments. Marketing Plan The marketing strategy of the Swatch Group should pay attention to high quality, low costs, and accurate watch materials. The main objective of the company consists in achieving innovation and creativity, which leads to expansion of the international market, as well as establishment of a strong brand loyalty among the consumers. The compan y’s marketing mix concept should consist of the following aspects: Target Market The target consumers of the Swatch Group involve those who are interested in exclusivity and exceptional quality. However, this segment is too narrow for the company to increase its revenues. The focus on uniqueness is beneficial, but the unique products can be sold at much lower prices. Such a strategy can expand the customer base significantly. Product The company provides greater opportunities for developing a wide range of products. However, creating a broad range of watches can lead to increased cost, which does not contribute to company’s profitability and performance.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on SWOT Analysis Swatch Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pricing The pricing strategy should be limited to the exclusiveness of the product and emphasize its high quality. Therefore, all products offered by the c ompany are of premium price. Apart from this strategy, the Swatch Group should also develop the strategy that would propose moderate prices to middle-class consumers. Promotion Interactive and direct promotion is possible through Internet because it can reach larger amounts of target customers. Therefore, the Swatch Group can introduce its advertisement on various websites. Distribution/Place Promotion strategy should be connected with strengthening the positions that have already been established. This strategy can increase the popularity of the brand and provide new opportunities for company’s development. Measurement In order to measure the outcomes, it is necessary to take control of the customer’s feedback placed on the websites, as well as the sales growth rates. In addition, the company can spend some time on research and development activities to define which segment of the market is the most active one and which one is passive. The latter can be identified as a weakness that can further be improved by the above-identified strategies. Deshpander, Rohit, Karol Misztal, and Daniela Beyersdorfer. â€Å"The Swatch Group†. Harvard Business School. (2012): 1-25.

Biography of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore

Biography of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore Tipu Sultan (November 20, 1750–May 4, 1799) is remembered by many in India and Pakistan as a heroic freedom fighter and warrior-king. He was the last ruler in India strong enough to dictate terms to the British East India Company. Known as the Tiger of Mysore, he fought long and hard, although ultimately unsuccessfully, to preserve his countrys independence. Fast Facts: Tipu Sultan Known For:  He is remembered in India and Pakistan as a warrior-king who fought brilliantly for his countrys independence from Britain.Also Known As:  Fath Ali, Tiger of MysoreBorn:  November 20, 1750 in Mysore, IndiaParents: Hyder Ali and Fatima Fakhr-un-NisaDied:  May 4, 1799 in Seringapatam, Mysore, IndiaEducation: Extensive tutoringSpouse(s): Many wives, including Sindh Sahiba  Children: Unnamed sons, two of whom were held hostage by the BritishNotable Quote: To live like a lion for a day is far better than to live for a hundred years like a jackal. Early Life Tipu Sultan was born on November 20, 1750, to military officer Hyder Ali of the Kingdom of Mysore and his wife, Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa. They named him Fath Ali but also called him Tipu Sultan after a local Muslim saint, Tipu Mastan Aulia. His father Hyder Ali was an able soldier and won such a complete victory against an invading force of Marathas in 1758 that Mysore was able to absorb the Marathan homelands. As a result, Hyder Ali became the commander-in-chief of Mysores army, later the Sultan, and by 1761 he was the outright ruler of the kingdom. While his father rose to fame and prominence, young Tipu Sultan was receiving an education from the finest tutors available. He studied such subjects as riding, swordsmanship, shooting, Koranic studies, Islamic jurisprudence, and languages such as Urdu, Persian, and Arabic. Tipu Sultan also studied military strategy and tactics under French officers from an early age, since his father was allied with the French in southern India. In 1766 when Tipu Sultan was just 15 years old, he got the chance to apply his military training in battle for the first time when he accompanied his father on an invasion of Malabar. The youngster took charge of a force of 2,000-3,000 and cleverly managed to capture the Malabar chiefs family, which had taken refuge in a fort under heavy guard. Fearful for his family, the chief surrendered, and other local leaders soon followed his example. Hyder Ali was so proud of his son that he gave him command of 500 cavalries and assigned him to rule five districts within Mysore. It was the start of an illustrious military career for the young man. First Anglo-Mysore War During the mid-18th century, the British East India Company sought to expand its control of southern India by playing local kingdoms and principalities off one another and off the French. In 1767, the British formed a coalition with the Nizam and the Marathas, and together they attacked Mysore. Hyder Ali managed to make a separate peace with the Marathas, and then in June he sent his 17-year-old son Tipu Sultan to negotiate with the Nizam. The young diplomat arrived in the Nizam camp with gifts that included cash, jewels, 10 horses, and five trained elephants. In just one week, Tipu charmed the ruler of the Nizam into switching sides and joining the Mysorean fight against the British. Tipu Sultan then led a cavalry raid on Madras (now Chennai) itself, but his father suffered a defeat by the British at Tiruvannamalai and had to call his son back. Hyder Ali decided to take the unusual step of continuing to fight during the monsoon rains, and together with Tipu he captured two British forts. The Mysorean army was besieging a third fort when British reinforcements arrived. Tipu and his cavalry held off the British long enough to allow Hyder Alis troops to retreat in good order. Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan then went on a tear up the coast, capturing forts and British-held cities. The Mysoreans were threatening to dislodge the British from their key east coast port of Madras when the British sued for peace in March 1769. After this humiliating defeat, the British had to sign a 1769 peace agreement with Hyder Ali called the Treaty of Madras. Both sides agreed to return to their pre-war boundaries and to come to each others aid in case of attack by any other power. Under the circumstances, the British East India Company got off easy, but it still would not honor the treaty terms. Interwar Period In 1771, the Marathas attacked Mysore with an army perhaps as large as 30,000 men. Hyder Ali called upon the British to honor their duty of aid under the Treaty of Madras, but the British East India Company refused to send any troops to assist him. Tipu Sultan played a key role as Mysore fought off the Marathas, but the young commander and his father never trusted the British again. Later that decade, Britain and France came to blows over the 1776 rebellion (the American Revolution) in Britains North American colonies; France, of course, supported the rebels. In retaliation, and to draw off French support from America, Britain had decided to push the French entirely out of India. In 1778, it began to capture key French holdings in India such as Pondicherry, on the southeastern coast. The following year, the British grabbed the French-occupied port of Mahe on the Mysorean coast, prompting Hyder Ali to declare war. Second Anglo-Mysore War The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784), began when Hyder Ali led an army of 90,000 in an attack on the Carnatic, which was allied with Britain. The British governor at Madras decided to send the bulk of his army under Sir Hector Munro against the Mysoreans, and also called for a second British force under Colonel William Baillie to leave Guntur and meet up with the main force. Hyder got word of this and sent Tipu Sultan with 10,000 troops to intercept Baillie. In September 1780, Tipu and his 10,000 cavalry and infantry soldiers surrounded Baillies combined British East India Company and Indian force and inflicted on them the worst defeat the British had suffered in India. Most of the 4,000 Anglo-Indian troops surrendered and were taken prisoner, while 336 were killed. Colonel Munro refused to march to Baillies aid, for fear of losing the heavy guns and other material he had stored. By the time he finally set out, it was too late. Hyder Ali did not realize just how disorganized the British force was. Had he attacked Madras itself at that time, he likely could have taken the British base. However, he only sent Tipu Sultan and some cavalry to harass Munros retreating columns. The Mysoreans did capture all of the British stores and baggage and killed or wounded about 500 troops, but they did not attempt to seize Madras. The Second Anglo-Mysore War settled down into a series of sieges. The next significant event was Tipus February 18, 1782 defeat of East India Company troops under Colonel Braithwaite at Tanjore. Braithwaite was completely surprised by Tipu and his French ally General Lallà ©e and after 26 hours of fighting, the British and their Indian sepoys surrendered. Later, British propaganda said Tipu would have had them all massacred if the French hadnt interceded, but that is almost certainly false- none of the company troops were harmed after they surrendered. Tipu Takes the Throne While the Second Anglo-Mysore War was still raging, the 60-year-old Hyder Ali developed a serious carbuncle. His condition deteriorated throughout the fall and early winter of 1782, and he died on December 7. Tipu Sultan assumed the title of Sultan and took his fathers throne on December 29, 1782. The British hoped that this transition of power would be less than peaceful so that they would have an advantage in the ongoing war. However, Tipus smooth transition and immediate acceptance by the army thwarted them. In addition, British officers had failed to secure enough rice during the harvest, and some of their sepoys were literally starving to death. They were in no condition to launch an attack against the new sultan during the height of the monsoon season. Settlement Terms The Second Anglo-Mysore War went on until early 1784, but Tipu Sultan maintained the upper hand throughout most of that time. Finally, on March 11, 1784, the British East India Company formally capitulated with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore. Under the terms of the treaty, the two sides once again returned to the status quo in terms of territory. Tipu Sultan agreed to release all of the British and Indian prisoners of war he had captured. Tipu Sultan the Ruler Despite two victories over the British, Tipu Sultan realized that the British East India Company remained a serious threat to his independent kingdom. He funded continuous military advances, including further development of the famous Mysore rockets- iron tubes that could fire missiles up to two kilometers, terrifying British troops and their allies. Tipu also built roads, created a new form of coinage, and encouraged silk production for international trade. He was particularly fascinated and delighted with new technologies and had always been an avid student of science and mathematics. A devout Muslim, Tipu was tolerant of his majority-Hindu subjects faith. Framed as a warrior-king and dubbed the Tiger of Mysore, Tipu Sultan proved an able ruler in times of relative peace as well. Third Anglo-Mysore War Tipu Sultan had to face the British for a third time between 1789 and 1792. This time, Mysore would receive no aid from its usual ally France, which was in the throes of the French Revolution. The British were led on this occasion by Lord Cornwallis, one of the major British commanders during the American Revolution. Unfortunately for Tipu Sultan and his people, the British had more attention and resources to invest in southern India this time around. Although the war lasted for several years, unlike past engagements, the British gained more ground than they gave. At the end of the war, after the British besieged Tipus capital city of Seringapatam, the Mysorean leader had to capitulate. In the 1793 Treaty of Seringapatam, the British and their allies, the Maratha Empire, took half of the territory of Mysore. The British also demanded that Tipu turn over two of his sons, ages 7 and 11, as hostages to ensure that the Mysorean ruler would pay war indemnities. Cornwallis held the boys captive to ensure that their father would comply with the treaty terms. Tipu quickly paid the ransom and recovered his children. Nonetheless, it was a shocking reversal for the Tiger of Mysore. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War In 1798, a French general named Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt. Unbeknownst to his superiors in the Revolutionary government in Paris, Bonaparte planned to use Egypt as a stepping-stone from which to invade India by land (through the Middle East, Persia, and Afghanistan), and wrest it from the British. With that in mind, the man who would be emperor sought an alliance with Tipu Sultan, Britains staunchest foe in southern India. This alliance was not to be, however, for several reasons. Napoleons invasion of Egypt was a military disaster. Sadly, his would-be ally, Tipu Sultan, also suffered a terrible defeat. By 1798, the British had had sufficient time to recover from the Third Anglo-Mysore War. They also had a new commander of British forces at Madras, Richard Wellesley, Earl of Mornington, who was committed to a policy of aggression and aggrandizement. Although the British had taken half of his country and a large sum of money, Tipu Sultan meanwhile had rebuilt significantly and Mysore was once more a prosperous place. The British East India Company knew that Mysore was the only thing standing between it and total domination of India. A British-led coalition of nearly 50,000 troops marched toward Tipu Sultans capital city of Seringapatam in February 1799. This was no typical colonial army of a handful of European officers and a rabble of ill-trained local recruits; this army was made up of the best and brightest from all of the British East India Companys client states. Its single goal was the destruction of Mysore. Although the British sought to enclose Mysore state in a giant pincher movement, Tipu Sultan was able to sally out and stage a surprise attack early in March that nearly destroyed one of the British contingents before reinforcements showed up. Throughout the spring, the British pressed closer and closer to the Mysorean capital. Tipu wrote to the British commander Wellesley, trying to arrange for a peace  agreement, but Wellesley deliberately offered completely unacceptable terms. His mission was to destroy Tipu Sultan, not to negotiate with him. Death At the beginning of May 1799, the British and their allies surrounded Seringapatam, the capital of Mysore. Tipu Sultan had just 30,000 defenders matched against 50,000 attackers. On May 4, the British broke through the city walls. Tipu Sultan rushed to the breach and was killed defending his city. After the battle, his body was discovered beneath a pile of defenders. Seringapatam was overrun. Legacy With Tipu Sultans death, Mysore became another princely state under the jurisdiction of the British Raj. His sons were sent into exile, and a different family became puppet rulers of Mysore under the British. In fact, Tipu Sultans family was reduced to poverty as a deliberate policy and was only restored to princely status in 2009. Tipu Sultan fought long and hard, although ultimately unsuccessfully, to preserve his countrys independence. Today, Tipu is remembered by many in India and Pakistan as a brilliant freedom fighter and as an able peacetime ruler. Sources Britains Greatest Foes: Tipu Sultan. National Army Museum, Feb. 2013.Carter, Mia Barbara Harlow. Archives of Empire: Volume I. From the East India Company to the Suez Canal. Duke University Press, 2003.The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-1769), GKBasic, July 15, 2012.Hasan, Mohibbul. History of Tipu Sultan. Aakar Books, 2005.

Public Employees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Employees - Essay Example This essay discusses the benefits of the patronage system versus the merit system for public employee. First, the patronage system refers to a system where public employees are hired or dismissed based on the support of an individual candidate or the political system. When a candidate belonging to a certain political party wins an election, they have the right to appoint a given number of individuals into public positions (Farazmand, 2007). This is the real meaning of the patronage system that is commonly referred to as the spoils system. The appointment of these individuals is based on political support rather than merit as the appointment criteria. Although the patronage system exists across the various levels in the US government, the number of positions offered through this system has reduced drastically since the 1880s. In fact, the system existed in the US until 1883 with the enactment of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883. In 1820, congress set a limit of the federal administrators to four years and this lead to an increase in the public employees’ turnover (Dautrich and Yalof, 2013). By the 1860s, the patronage system and the civil war had led to increased corruption and widespread inefficiency in the public service and had spread to low rank government positions. There are numerous benefits associated with the patronage or spoilers system. To start with, the system helps put in place a well-organized political system that rewards campaign workers. The system also puts individuals who agree with the political agenda in power thus promotion cooperation, trust and loyalty within the public service. The system ensures continuous turnover and this brings new individuals and ideas into the system. This system was replaced by the Merit system when the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 was enacted (Dautrich and Yalof, 2013). The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 specified that public jobs